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Tokugawa Ienobu

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Sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty
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Tokugawa Ienobu
徳川 家宣
Tokugawa Ienobu
Shōgun
In office
11 May 1709 – 12 November 1712
MonarchNakamikado
Preceded byTokugawa Tsunayoshi
Succeeded byTokugawa Ietsugu
Personal details
Born(1662-06-15)15 June 1662
Kōfu,Yamanashi,Tokugawa shogunate
Died12 November 1712(1712-11-12) (aged 50)
Tokugawa shogunate
(nowJapan)
Children
Parents
Signature
In thisJapanese name, thesurname isTokugawa.

Tokugawa Ienobu (徳川 家宣) (11 June 1662 – 12 November 1712) was the sixthshōgun of theTokugawa dynasty ofJapan. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Tsunashige, thus making him the nephew ofTokugawa Ietsuna andTokugawa Tsunayoshi, the grandson ofTokugawa Iemitsu, the great-grandson ofTokugawa Hidetada, and the great-great-grandson ofTokugawa Ieyasu. All of Ienobu's children died young.

Early life (1662–1694)

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Tokugawa Ienobu was born as the oldest son ofTokugawa Tsunashige,daimyō ofKōfu, in 1662. His mother was aconcubine. Tsunashige was the middle brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna and Tokugawa Tsunayoshi and the second son of Tokugawa Iemitsu with his concubine, thus making Ienobu their nephew. In 1662, Ienobu's uncle, Ietsuna wasshōgun, and his father, Tsunashige, wasdaimyō of Kōfu, a very valuable piece of land to the Tokugawa. Before becomingshōgun his name was Tokugawa Tsunatoyo, the 4thdaimyō ofKōfu Domain from theTokugawa clan. His childhood name was Toramatsu (虎松).

Not much is known of Ienobu's early life except that he was expected to become the nextdaimyō of Kofu after the death of his father. However, after Tokugawa Ietsuna had died in 1680, and his other uncle, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi succeeded thebakufu, Tsunayoshi's failure to produce a male heir greatly increased the chances of Ienobu becoming shogun. Nonetheless, for the time being, Ienobu was not being groomed to succeed to the shogunate but rather to succeed his father Tsunashige asdaimyō of Kōfu.

In 1678 Tokugawa Tsunashige died and Tokugawa Ienobu succeeded him asdaimyō of Kōfu. He became very powerful there since his uncle was the shogun.

In 1694, arōnin,Arai Hakuseki, was appointed as personal tutor and advisor to Ienobu. Hakuseki used to be a teacher inEdo, but was recommended by the philosopherKinoshita Jun'an to become personal tutor to Ienobu and was summoned to Ienobu's Edo residence. Until 1709, when Ienobu becameshōgun, it is thought that Hakuseki gave him 2000 lectures on theChinese classics andConfucianism. This was helpful to Ienobu since Shogun Tsunayoshi had also been a great patron of the Chinese classics and ofNeo-Confucianism. After Ienobu's ascension, Hakuseki devoted the rest of his life to advising Ienobu, even writing a book for him, known as theHankanpu covering the history of various fiefs from 1600 until 1680.

Family

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  • Father:Tokugawa Tsunashige
  • Mother: Ohara no Kata later Choshoin (1637–1664)
  • Adoptive Father:Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
  • Wife: Konoe Hiroko (1666–1741) later Ten'ei-in
  • concubines:
    • Okiyo no Kata (1685–1752) later Gekkoin
    • Ukon no Kata (1682–1766) later Hoshin-in
    • Osume no Kata (d. 1772) later Renjo-in
    • Oshino no Kata
    • Itsuki no Miya (d. 1710) later Honkoin
  • Children:
    • Toyo-hime (1681–1681) by Hiroko
    • Tokugawa Mugetsuin (1699–1699) by Hiroko
    • Tokugawa Iechiyo (1707–1707) by Ukon
    • Tokugawa Daigorō (1708–1710) by Osume
    • Tokugawa Ietsugu by Okiyo
    • Tokugawa Torakichi (1711–1711) by Osume
    • child (died in womb) by Itsuki no Miya
  • Adopted:

Shōgun (1709–1712)

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In 1709,shōgun Tsunayoshi died without a male heir. In genealogical terms, it would have appeared reasonable for thedaimyō ofKōfu, Tokugawa Ienobu, to be elevated to the role ofshōgun because he was the only remaining direct lineal descendant of Tokugawa Ieyasu. However, this was a secondary factor in the context of intra-bakufu politics which were carried over from the last days of the Tsunayoshibakufu.[1] The ultimate resolution of any questions about shogunal succession were probably influenced most effectively by the fact that Ienobu was the expressed preference of the lateshōgun Tsunayoshi's wife.[2]

Shogun Ienobu immediately began to reform certain elements of Japanese society. It is often said that he transformed thebakufu from a military to a civilian institution, which was already in the making during the rule of Ietsuna and Tsunayoshi. He started off by abolishing the controversial laws and edicts of Tsunayoshi. The chamberlains, who were given strict power by Tsunayoshi, had all power withdrawn from their hands. Also, in 1710, Shogun Ienobu revised theBuke-Sho-Hatto, where language was improved. Also, censorship was discontinued, and Ienobu told his subordinates that the thoughts and feelings of the populace should reach the high levels of thebakufu. This is thought to be Hakuseki's influence. Cruel punishments and persecutions were discontinued, and the judicial system was also reformed.

However, there was one remnant ofshōgun Tsunayoshi's rule which was not done away with. Neo-Confucianism was still popular and patronized, also thanks to Hakuseki's influence, since he had long lectured Ienobu on the Confucian classics. Economic reform also was ensured, and the gold coin was created to stabilize the economy.

Shogun Ienobu was one of the firstshōguns in centuries to actually try to significantly improve relations with the emperor and court inKyoto. In 1711, theFujiwara regent,Konoe Motohiro, arrived in Edo from Kyoto to be the mediator for talks betweenshōgun Ienobu and EmperorNakamikado and his nobles (in Kyoto). Ienobu took the lead, but Motohiro also appears to have asserted himself. After the talks were over, it was decided that younger sons of emperors do not have to enter priesthood and can form new branches of the imperial throne and that their daughters can marry (in fact, one of the younger sisters of Emperor Nakamikado married Shogun Ienobu's younger son,shōgun Ietsugu) and that thebakufu would offer financial grants to the court. Many court ceremonies were also revived. Thus, during the rule ofshōgun Ienobu, relations with the court were fairly good.

Shōgun Ienobu died at the age of 51 inShōtoku 2, on the 14th day of the 10th month (1712).[1] He was succeeded by his infant son,Tokugawa Ietsugu. Ietsugu became the seventhshōgun. He continued to employ Hakuseki as his adviser.

His Buddhist name was Bunshōin (文昭院) and buried inZōjō-ji.

Eras of Ienobu'sbakufu

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The years in which Ienobu wasshōgun are more specifically identified by more than oneera name ornengō.[1]

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Tokugawa Ienobu[3]
8.Tokugawa Hidetada, 2ndTokugawa Shōgun (1579-1632)
4.Tokugawa Iemitsu, 3rdTokugawa Shōgun (1604-1651)
9.Oeyo (1573-1626)
2.Tokugawa Tsunashige,daimyō of Kōfu (1644-1678)
10. Okabe Shigeke
5.Junshōin (1622-1683)
1.Tokugawa Ienobu, 6thTokugawa Shōgun
3.Chōshōin (1637-1664)

Notes

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  1. ^abcTitsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 415
  2. ^Screech, T. (2006).Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822, pp. 95–97.
  3. ^"Genealogy".Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 6 May 2010. Retrieved4 July 2018.

References

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External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toTokugawa Ienobu.
Royal titles
Preceded byLord of Kōfu
Tokugawa Ienobu
1678–1704		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded byShōgun:
Tokugawa Ienobu
1709–1712		Succeeded by
ShōgunPrince
Tokugawa

(1543–1616)
Ieyasu(1)
r. 1603–1605

(1579–1632)
Hidetada(2)
r. 1605–1623		(1602–1671)
Yorinobu
1stDaimyō of
Kishū		(1603–1661)
Yorifusa
1stDaimyō of
Mito

(1604–1651)
Iemitsu(3)
r. 1623–1651		(1627–1705)
Mitsusada
2nd Daimyō of
Kishū		(1622–1695)
Matsudaira
Yorishige
1st Daimyō of
Takamatsu

(1641–1680)
Ietsuna(4)
r. 1651–1680		(1644–1678)
Tsunashige
Daimyō ofKōfu
(1646–1709)
Tsunayoshi(5)
r. 1680–1709
(1684–1751)
Yoshimune(8)
r. 1716–1745		(1661–1687)
Matsudaira
Yoritoshi [ja]

(1662–1712)
Ienobu(6)
r. 1709–1712
(1712–1761)
Ieshige(9)
r. 1745–1760		(1721–1765)
Munetada
1st Head of
Hitotsubashi family		(1680–1735)
Matsudaira
Yoritoyo [ja]
3rd Daimyō of
Takamatsu

(1709–1716)
Ietsugu(7)
r. 1712–1716
(1737–1786)
Ieharu(10)
r. 1760–1786		(1751–1827)
Harusada [ja]
2nd Head of
Hitotsubashi family		(1705–1730)
Munetaka
4th Daimyō of
Mito

(1773–1841)
Ienari(11)
r. 1786–1837		(1779–1848)
Narimasa
3rd Head of
Tayasu family		(1728–1766)
Munemoto
5th Daimyō of
Mito

(1793–1853)
Ieyoshi(12)
r. 1837–1853		(1801–1846)
Nariyuki [ja]
11th Daimyō of
Kishū		(1828–1876)
Yoshiyori
5th/8th Head of
Tayasu family		(1751–1805)
Harumori [ja]
6th Daimyō of
Mito

(1824–1858)
Iesada(13)
r. 1853–1858
(1846–1866)
Iemochi(14)
r. 1858–1866		(1863–1940)
Iesato(16)
(Pr.) 1884-1940		(1773–1816)
Harutoshi
7th Daimyō of
Mito		(1776–1832)
Matsudaira
Yoshinari [ja]
9th Daimyō of
Takasu
(1884–1963)
Iemasa(17)
(Pr.) 1940-1947		(1800–1860)
Nariaki
9th Daimyō of
Mito		(1800–1862)
Matsudaira
Yoshitatsu [ja]
10th Daimyō of
Takasu

(1837–1913)
Yoshinobu(15)
r. 1866–1867
(Pr.) 1902-1913		(1836–1893)
Matsudaira
Katamori
9th Daimyō of
Aizu
(1877–1949)
Tsuneo
Matsudaira
(1913–1999)
Toyoko [ja]		(1907–1992)
Ichirō
Matsudaira [ja]
(b. 1940)
Tsunenari(18)
(b. 1965)
Iehiro(19)
Notes
All Tokugawashōguns share descent fromIeyasu, who is recognized as the dynasty's founder.
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