Thomas Holliday Hicks | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Senator fromMaryland | |
| In office December 29, 1862 – February 14, 1865 | |
| Preceded by | James A. Pearce |
| Succeeded by | John A. J. Creswell |
| 31st Governor of Maryland | |
| In office January 13, 1858 – January 8, 1862 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas W. Ligon |
| Succeeded by | Augustus Bradford |
| Maryland House of Delegates | |
| In office 1829 – 1830, 1836 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1798-09-02)September 2, 1798 East New Market, Maryland, US |
| Died | February 14, 1865(1865-02-14) (aged 66) Washington, D.C., US |
| Political party | Democratic (1830–35) Whig(1835–54) American(1854–60) Constitutional Union(1860–61) Union(1861–65) |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | 5 |
| National Governors Association, Governor's Information, Maryland Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks | |
Thomas Holliday Hicks (September 2, 1798 – February 14, 1865) was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during theAmerican Civil War. As governor, opposing the Democrats, his views accurately reflected the conflicting local loyalties. He was pro-slavery but anti-secession. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the pro-Union town ofFrederick, where he was able to keep the state from seceding to join theConfederacy.
In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U.S. Senate, where he endorsed Abraham Lincoln's re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards.
Born in 1798 nearEast New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his political career as aDemocrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824, elected Sheriff ofDorchester County. Later, he switched to theWhig Party and was elected to theHouse of Delegates in 1830 and re-elected in 1836.
In 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governor's Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished. In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County. He stayed in that job until his election as governor.
In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, more commonly known as theKnow-Nothing Party. As such, in 1858, he ran for governor and defeated DemocratJohn Charles Groome by 8,700 votes. The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, and unprecedented violence. Hicks was one of the oldest men to become governor.
In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of foreign immigrants coming to America and warned that they would "change the national character".[1]
Hicks opposedabolitionists and supported slave owners. He denounced "[t]he attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves" and added that slave owners had a right under the "[United States] Constitution to recover their property."[2] Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland fromseceding and joining theConfederacy.[3] This would have isolatedWashington, D.C., in Confederate territory.
Hicks reflected the divisions in his state. In Hicks' writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as "we." He wrote that "they", the North (andAbraham Lincoln), were wrong in "refus[ing] to observe the plain requirements of the Constitution" to permit new states to join the Union as slave states.
After thebloodshed in Baltimore, involving Massachusetts troops which were fired on while marching between railroad stations, on April 19, 1861, Baltimore MayorGeorge William Brown, MarshalGeorge P. Kane, and former GovernorEnoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the railroad bridges leading to Baltimore, in order to prevent further troops from entering the state. Hicks reportedly approved this proposal. These actions were addressed inEx parte Merryman, the famous case of Maryland militia CaptainJohn Merryman who was arrested by Union forces.
After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union. But, writing to Lincoln on April 22, 1861, Hicks informed the new president that "I feel it my duty most respectfully to advise you that no more troops be ordered or allowed to pass through Maryland", requested that Lincoln obtain a truce with the South and suggested thatSir Richard Lyons mediate.[4] Hicks worried about Maryland's position as aborder state. In an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25, 1861, he stated that "The only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South."[5]
Subsequently, many prominent men lobbied Hicks to call the General Assembly into special session, purportedly for the mixed reason of opposing secession and opposing the Northern attitude towards the South. The Assembly normally met inAnnapolis, but that city was occupied by Union troops, so Hicks changed the location toFrederick, a generally pro-Union town. The Assembly convened in Frederick, and unanimously agreed that it did not have the power to commit the state to secession. On April 29, the Assembly voted 53–13 against calling a state convention which would have that power.
In December 1862, his successor as governor,Augustus W. Bradford, appointed him to theU.S. Senate from Maryland following the death of his predecessor,James A. Pearce(D). Although ill, he campaigned for election to finish the term, winning on January 11, 1864[6] while endorsing Lincoln's reelection in 1864. He died at the Metropolitan Hotel inWashington, D.C., on February 14, 1865. Abraham Lincoln attended his funeral in the U.S. Senate Chamber.
Hicks was originally buried at his family farm inDorchester County. He was later disinterred and moved toCambridge Cemetery. The state erected a monument over his grave in 1868.
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| First | Know Nothing nominee forGovernor of Maryland 1857 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Governor of Maryland 1858–1862 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | U.S. senator (Class 3) from Maryland December 29, 1862 – February 14, 1865 Served alongside:Anthony Kennedy andReverdy Johnson | Succeeded by |
| Class 1 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
