Thomas B. Catron | |
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| United States Senator fromNew Mexico | |
| In office March 27, 1912 – March 3, 1917 | |
| Preceded by | Office Created |
| Succeeded by | Andrieus A. Jones |
| 13th Mayor ofSanta Fe, New Mexico[1] | |
| In office 1906–1908 | |
| Preceded by | A. R. Gibson |
| Succeeded by | José D. Sena |
| Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives fromNew Mexico Territory’sat-large district | |
| In office March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897 | |
| Preceded by | Antonio Joseph |
| Succeeded by | Harvey Butler Fergusson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1840-10-06)October 6, 1840 nearLexington,Missouri |
| Died | May 15, 1921(1921-05-15) (aged 80) Santa Fe,New Mexico |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Julia Anna Walz Catron (1857–1909) |
| Children | 5 |
| Residence | Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| Alma mater | University of Missouri |
| Profession | Attorney |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Confederate States |
| Branch/service |  Confederate Army |
| Years of service | 1861-1865 |
| Rank | First lieutenant |
| Commands | 3rd Missouri Battery |
Thomas Benton Catron (October 6, 1840 – May 15, 1921) was an Americanpolitician andlawyer who was influential in the establishment of theU.S. state ofNew Mexico, and served as one of its firstUnited States Senators. Catron has defenders but enemies have described him as a "greedy land grabber and ruthless politico."[2]
Catron was a native of Missouri and a graduate of theUniversity of Missouri. He was aConfederate States Army veteran of theAmerican Civil War. After the war, he moved toNew Mexico Territory, where he learned Spanish, studied law, and attained admission to the bar. ARepublican even though most Southerners were Democrats, Catron soon made his mark in both law and politics, including serving as a district attorney, territorial attorney general (1869–1872), andUnited States Attorney for New Mexico (1872–1878). He later served on the New Mexico Territorial Council (1884, 1888, 1889), as the Territorial Delegate to Congress (1895–1897), President of the New Mexico Bar Association (1895), and Mayor ofSanta Fe (1906–1908).
In addition to practicing law Catron was a member of theSanta Fe Ring of prominent attorneys, politicians and land speculators. He used his knowledge of New Mexico's Spanish and Mexicanland grants to acquire land fromHispanic settlers unfamiliar withAnglo law and theEnglish language and often not even aware that their ownership of the land where they lived was being challenged. He accumulated title to more than 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2), possibly making him the largest landholder in the United States.[3] When New Mexico achieved statehood, the legislature elected Catron one of the state's first U.S. Senators. He served from 1912 to 1916, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1916. He died in Santa Fe, and was buried in Santa Fe's Fairview Cemetery.
Catron was born nearLexington, Missouri, on October 6, 1840, a son of John Catron and Mary (Fletcher) Catron, and was named afterMissouri SenatorThomas Hart Benton.[4][5] His ancestors emigrated from Germany to Virginia in 1765.[6] He was educated in Lexington's public schools and atMasonic College in Lexington.[7] He graduated from theUniversity of Missouri in 1860.[8]
During theAmerican Civil War Catron joined theConfederate States Army, serving inHiram M. Bledsoe's Battery, a unit ofSterling Price's command. Catron took part in the battles ofCarthage,Wilson's Creek,Second Lexington, andPea Ridge. By the end of the war Catron was afirst lieutenant in command of the 3rd Missouri Battery. In the latter stages of the war he served during combat inTennessee,Alabama, andMississippi, before surrendering in Mississippi at the end of the war as part ofRichard Taylor's command.[9]
Catron returned to Missouri after the war and began to study law. In 1866 he moved to theTerritory of New Mexico, living inLas Cruces before settling inMesilla. He traveled to New Mexico with two wagon loads of flour, which he sold to finance his legal studies, and aSpanish grammar book, which he used to begin to learn the language. (He soon became fluent by living in Spanish speaking communities and speaking only Spanish.) Catron completed his legal studies and wasadmitted to the bar in 1867.[10][11]
Unlike most Southerners who had supported the Confederacy, Catron was aRepublican. Almost as soon as he began to practice Catron was appointedDistrict Attorney for the Third Judicial District (present dayDoña Ana County), and served until 1868.[12]
In 1869 he was appointedAttorney General of theNew Mexico Territory.[13] In 1872 he was appointedUnited States Attorney for theDistrict of New Mexico, an office previously held by his law partner, Civil War colleague and fellow RepublicanStephen Benton Elkins, who had been elected toCongress. Catron served as U.S. Attorney until 1878.[14][15]
While holding office as U.S. Attorney Catron moved toSanta Fe. In 1884 Catron was elected to the New Mexico Territorial Council, and he served again in 1888 and 1890. In 1892 Catron ran unsuccessfully for Delegate to Congress. He ran again in 1894 and won, serving one term March 4, 1895, to March 3, 1897. From 1895 to 1896 Catron was President of the New Mexico Bar Association. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to Congress in 1896, and served on the Territorial Council again in 1899 and 1905.[16][17]
From 1906 to 1908 Catron served as Mayor of Santa Fe.[18]
As a lawyer familiar with the intricacies of old Mexican land grants, Catron gained an interest in or clear title to 34 grants totaling 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2). As a member of the group of land speculators known as "Santa Fe Ring," he became by 1894[19] the largest landowner in the United States.[20][21]
After annexing New Mexico in 1848, the U.S. required that Spanish and Mexican land grants be "confirmed" by the U.S. courts and Congress. Hispanic claimants of land in the land grants often did not speak English and were suspicious of and unfamiliar with the American legal system—so different from the Hispanic. Many of the claimants were poor and unable to pursue the lengthy and expensive legal process of getting a claim confirmed. Moreover, the Surveyors General appointed by the U.S. had little knowledge of Hispanic land practices and customs. "The situation was ripe for fraud.[22][23] The results were "large grants owned by speculators were erroneously confirmed; other grants which should have been confirmed were not...[and]...some valid grants were confirmed, but to the wrong people." The Santa Fe Ring of lawyers and politicians, often in league with the Surveyors General, abused the adjudication system for their own benefit.[24]
Among Catron's acquisitions was the 600,000 acres (2,400 km2)Tierra Amarilla Land Grant. Disputes about ownership have continued into the 21st century and erupted into violence on at least one occasion, a 1967 raid on theRio Arriba County courthouse byReies Tijerina and Hispanic claimants to grant land.[25]
Catron was an early advocate for New Mexico statehood, and in the early 1900s marshaled the territorial Republican Party to lobby Republicans at the national level for New Mexico's admission to the Union.[26][27][28]
When New Mexico was admitted as the 47th state in 1912, theNew Mexico State Legislature elected Catron as one of the state's first U.S. Senators. Catron won the "long term" (four years), whileAlbert B. Fall won the "short term" (one year). Catron took office on March 27, 1912.[29]
To win election to the Senate, Catron made a personal alliance with Fall (later to be involved in theTeapot Dome scandal), ensuring that each of them would be elected. This alliance antagonized New Mexicans of Spanish heritage, who had hoped that one of their own would become a Senator.[30]
At the start of his Senate career Catron served as Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Interior Department. In 1916 he was a candidate for reelection, but lost the Republican nomination to Frank A. Hubbell.[31] Hubbell went on to lose the general election toAndrieus A. Jones.[32]
After leaving the Senate Catron returned to Santa Fe, where he resumed his law practice and business interests, and served in local offices including President of the Board of Education.[33]
Catron was mentioned as a Senate candidate in 1918 if Fall did not run for reelection, but Fall decided to run, received the Republican nomination, and won another term.[34][35]
After leaving the Senate, Catron attempted unsuccessfully to receive an appointment asAmbassador to Chile.[36][37] In retirement Catron continued to reside in Santa Fe. He died in Santa Fe on May 15, 1921, and was interred in a mausoleum at Fairview Cemetery.[38]
In 1887 Catron married Julia Anna Walz[6] (March 28, 1857 – November 8, 1909), a native ofOhio. She had lived inMankato, Minnesota, was a graduate ofOberlin College, and was teaching school when she met Catron. They had five children, four of whom lived to adulthood: John Walz; Charles Christopher; Thomas Benton II; and Fletcher Arthur[39]
Catron received anhonoraryMaster of Arts degree from the University of Missouri in 1868, and in 1920 the University of Missouri awarded him an honoraryLL.D.[40][41]
Catron County, New Mexico, is named in his honor.[42]
AChicanoSpanglish poem,Lo que dirá ("What He Will Say") was written by T. A. Tornillo and published in the October 15, 1892 edition ofEl Hispano Americano, a newspaper inLas Vegas, New Mexico. It invites people not to vote for Catron in the November 8 election for Delegate to Congress and describes him as aladrón banquero ("robber banker").[43]
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| Preceded by | Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives fromNew Mexico 1895-1897 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by none | U.S. senator (Class 1) from New Mexico 1912–1917 Served alongside:Albert B. Fall | Succeeded by |
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