| The Emperor Jones | |
|---|---|
| Opera byLouis Gruenberg | |
 Eugene O'Neill, after whose play the composer wrote the libretto | |
| Librettist | Gruenberg, Kathleen de Jaffa |
| Language | English |
| Based on | The Emperor Jones by Eugene O'Neill |
| Premiere | |
The Emperor Jones is anopera in two acts with a prologue and interlude composed byLouis Gruenberg to an English-languagelibretto adapted by the composer fromEugene O'Neill's 1920 play,The Emperor Jones. It premiered on January 7, 1933, at theMetropolitan Opera in New York City withLawrence Tibbett in the title role. Set on an unnamed island in theWest Indies, the opera tells the story ofAfrican American Brutus Jones, a formerPullman porter and ex-convict who escaped to the island, set himself up as its tyrannical "Emperor", and became rich by exploiting the natives. The natives start a revolt against him, and as he tries to escape through the jungle, he is haunted by visions of his past life and the man he had murdered. As the natives close in, he commits suicide using the silver bullet which he had worn around his neck as a good-luck charm. With a score that incorporates elements ofjazz andnegro spirituals,The Emperor Jones was the eleventh American opera to premiere at the Met, and has continued to be performed into the 21st century, albeit rarely.
Shortly after becoming General Manager of theMetropolitan Opera in 1908,Giulio Gatti-Casazza had set a goal of producing new English language operas by American composers. During his time at the Met, the company staged the world premieres of thirteen American operas. However, while the composers of these operas were American, only three of them actually had American subjects—Charles Cadman'sShanewis (1918),Howard Hanson'sMerry Mount (1934), andLouis Gruenberg'sThe Emperor Jones.
The Emperor Jones by American playwrightEugene O'Neill had premiered in 1920 and was immensely popular. After reading the play, Gruenberg approached O'Neill with the idea of making it into an opera and discussed the possibilities with him over a two-year period. In 1930 O'Neill gave Gruenberg the rights to adapt the play making any changes he saw fit but refused to have anything to do with creating thelibretto, despite the urging of the composer. Despite Kathleen de Jaffa’s name appearing on the libretto, the composers late widow, Irma Greenberg, maintained that Greenberg created the text alone, and that Ms. de Jaffa was merely editor of the libretto series at the Met. The actual lines were taken verbatim from the play. The only two significant changes were the addition of a chanting chorus for the orchestral prelude and interlude, similar to aGreek chorus, and the death of Emperor Jones. In the play, he is killed by the natives while in the opera he shoots himself with a silver bullet as they are closing in on him. The libretto was finished by 1931, and Gruenberg rented a cottage inOld Orchard, Maine, where he composed the opera over a period of fourteen months.[1]
When the vocal score was complete, Gruenberg showed it to the Austrian conductorErich Kleiber, who at the time was music director of theBerlin State Opera and known for championing new works. Kleiber was impressed and offered to give its world premiere in Berlin. Gruenberg planned to spend the next few months in Germany completing the orchestration. In the end, the premiere was postponed. The rise ofNazism meant that an opera composed by a Jew with a black man as the central character was bound to cause trouble in Germany.[2] (Two years later, Kleiber resigned from his post at the Berlin Opera in protest at the Nazi policy of banningEntartete Musik, "degenerate music", a label applied to virtually all works by Jewish composers). In the meantime,Olin Downes, the critic forThe New York Times, had also seen the score and recommended it to Gatti-Casazza, who accepted it for production during the Met's 1932/1933 season.[2]
The Emperor Jones had its world premiere on January 7, 1933, at the Metropolitan Opera withLawrence Tibbett in the title role and was also broadcast live on radio. Although both Tibbett and Pearl Besuner usedblackface for their roles, the dancers were fromHemsley Winfield's New Negro Art Theater, with Winfield himself taking the role of the Witch Doctor. Initially the Met had wanted to use white dancers in black makeup, but backed down when Tibbett threatened to quit the production unless Winfield and his troupe performed. However, the Met billed the ensemble as the "Hemsley Winfield Ballet" instead of its real name and apart from Winfield did not credit any of the other dancers by name on the playbill.[3][4] The premiere performance was conducted byTullio Serafin and directed byAlexander Sanine. The sets and costumes were designed byJo Mielziner who was 32 at the time and went on to create the stage designs for more than three hundred plays and musicals, including the original productions ofDeath of a Salesman andGuys and Dolls.[5] Although it is a two-act opera, the Met performed it without an interval for a total running time of one hour and fifteen minutes and presented it as the first half of a double bill withLeoncavallo'sPagliacci.
Despite the mixed reviews,The Emperor Jones enjoyed a fair amount of initial success and won Gruenberg theBispham Memorial Medal Award for opera in English. It has continued to be performed into the 21st century (albeit rarely), long after the other American operas premiered in the Gatti-Casazza era had sunk into oblivion. The opera had fifteen performances over two seasons with the Met company which also took it on tour toBoston,Brooklyn,Hartford andBaltimore. Apart from the Met performances, it was also staged in Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco in 1933 with Tibbett in the title role and was revived again in Chicago in 1946. In Europe it was performed in Amsterdam in 1934 withJules Bledsoe in the title role followed by performances in Brussels, Vienna, Milan, and London.[6] TheTeatro dell'Opera in Rome performed it in 1951, andMichigan Opera Theatre staged a major revival in 1979 with African American baritones Andrew Smith andDavid Arnold in the title role, conducted by Robert Willoughby Jones. After its last performance at theMetropolitan Opera House in February 1934, it was not seen again in New York City until 2001 when it was revived by a small company, Operaworks, in a 55-seat theatre using a digitized virtual orchestra in place of musicians with baritoneFredrick Redd in the title role.[7][8] In 2009, the opera was revived in Italy for two performances at theTeatro delle Muse inAncona withNmon Ford in the title role and a full orchestra and chorus conducted byBruno Bartoletti.[9]
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, January 7, 1933 (Conductor:Tullio Serafin)[10] |
|---|---|---|
| Brutus Jones,Emperor Jones, a formerPullman porter and ex-convict | baritone | Lawrence Tibbett |
| Henry Smithers,aCockney trader and Jones's underling | tenor | Marek Windheim |
| Native Woman | soprano | Pearl Besuner |
| Congo,The Witch Doctor (dancer) | Hemsley Winfield | |
Setting: An unnamed island in theWest Indies in the early part of the 20th century
A chanting chorus calls for the death of Emperor Jones and an insistent drumbeat is heard in the distance.
Brutus Jones, anAfrican American ex-Pullman porter, gambler, and escaped convict had stowed away from the United States to an island in the West Indies several years previously. There, he had set himself up as the island's Emperor and during that time made himself rich at the expense of the natives as well as earning a reputation as a cruel tyrant. He now sits in his "palace" in the final days of his reign. His underling, thecockney trader Smithers, tells Jones that the natives are planning a revolt against him. Full of bravado, Jones tells Smithers of the power which he has held over the island and that he has convinced the natives that he can only be killed by a silver bullet which he wears around his neck on a chain. Nevertheless, he tells Smithers that he is retiring as Emperor, has hidden supplies in the jungle, and plans make his escape toMartinique with all the money he has stolen from the islanders.
Again a chanting chorus is heard
Jones lies exhausted in the jungle, unable to find any of the supplies he had hidden. As darkness falls, and the drumbeats become louder and more insistent, he is beset by hallucinations from his past life. When he sees a vision of the man he had murdered in acraps game, he starts running through the jungle, tearing off pieces of his uniform until he is left in rags. He then has visions of a convict gang with a guard, and a slave auction with the auctioneer calling Jones to the block. He fires his gun at the phantoms until he has used up all his bullets save the silver one he wears around his neck. In a moment of lucidity, he reflects on his past life and probable fate and sings anegro spiritual, "It's Me, O Lord, Standin' in de Need of Prayer". At dawn, he is still trying to find his way out of the jungle when awitch doctor appears. He grabs Jones and starts dancing wildly around him. When he is surrounded by the soldiers and natives who have been hunting him, Jones realizes that all is lost, puts the silver bullet into his gun, places the gun against his head and fires. Smithers stands over the dead Emperor and utters the final words of the opera: "Dead as an 'erring. Well, Gor blimey, yer died in a grand style any'ow."[11] The curtain falls as the drumbeats fade and the natives carry off Jones's body.The opera plot parts from the O’Neill play in one significant detail: the play has Jones killed by the natives while in the opera he takes his own life.
There are no complete commercial recordings ofThe Emperor Jones. The most famous piece from the opera, "It's Me, O Lord, Standin' in de Need of Prayer", was recorded on 19 January 1934 by Lawrence Tibbett and released byRCA Victor (Victor 7959, CS 81087–2)[12] shortly after the premiere. Tibbett's recording was later re-issued onLP byNew World Records inToward an American Opera 1911-1954. It appeared on CD inLawrence Tibbett: From Broadway to Hollywood from theNimbus RecordsPrima Voce series, onSouvenirs From American Operas from theInternational Record Collectors' Club, and onLebendige Vergangenheit: Lawrence Tibbett.[12] A recording of the same piece sung byGeorge London appears onGeorge London: Of Gods and Demons from theSonyMaster Works series.
