| Territory of Idaho | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organized incorporated territory ofthe United States | |||||||||||||||||
| 1863–1890 | |||||||||||||||||
.jpg) Coat of arms of the Idaho Territory (1863–1866) | |||||||||||||||||
 Map of Territory of Idaho | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Lewiston (1863–1866) Boise (1866–1890) | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||||||||
| • Type | Organized incorporated territory | ||||||||||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||||||||||
• First | William H. Wallace | ||||||||||||||||
• Last | George L. Shoup | ||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||
| 3 March 1863 | |||||||||||||||||
• Montana Territory split off & land ceded toDakota Territory | May 28, 1864 | ||||||||||||||||
• Wyoming Territory formed | July 25, 1868 | ||||||||||||||||
| 3 July 1890 | |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
.jpg)
TheTerritory of Idaho was anorganized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1863,[1] until July 3, 1890, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to theUnion asIdaho.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1870 | 14,999 | — |
| 1880 | 32,610 | +117.4% |
| 1890 | 88,548 | +171.5% |
| Source: 1870–1890;[2] | ||
The territory was officially organized on March 3, 1863, by Act ofCongress,[1] and signed into law by PresidentAbraham Lincoln. It is a successor region that was created by areas from existing territories undergoing parallel political transitions beginning with disputes over which country owned the region (SeeOregon Country). By 1863, the area west of theContinental Divide that was formerly part of the hugeOregon Territory had been sundered from the coastalWashington Territory north of the youngState of Oregon to the far west and the remnant of the Oregon Territory was officially "unorganized". Most of the area east of the Continental Divide had been part of the loosely definedDakota Territory ending along the 49th parallel—now the border with Canada, then acolonial possession of Great Britain.
The original newly organized territory covered all of the present-day states ofIdaho andMontana, and almost all of the present-day state ofWyoming, omitting only a corner in the state's extreme southwest portion. It was wholly spanned east-to-west by the bustlingOregon Trail and partly by the otheremigrant trails, theCalifornia Trail andMormon Trail which since hitting stride in 1847, had been conveying settler wagon trains to the west, and incidentally, across the continental divide into theSnake River Basin, a key gateway into the Idaho andOregon Country interiors.
The first territorial capital was atLewiston[3] from the inception in 1863 to 1866.Boise was made the territorial capital from 1866 by a one-vote margin of the Territorial Supreme Court. Congress failed to provide official criminal or civic codes for the Idaho territory upon its inception. It was not until January 4th, 1864 that the territory's original laws were adopted.[4]
The upheaval caused by the Civil War andReconstruction was a distant concern to those in the comparatively stable Idaho Territory, a situation which in turn encouraged settlement.
In 1864, theMontana Territory was organized from the northeastern section of the territory east of theBitterroot Range. Most of the southeastern area of the territory was made part of theDakota Territory.
In the late 1860s, Idaho Territory became a destination for displaced SouthernDemocrats who fought for theConfederate States of America during the Civil War. These people were well represented in the early territorial legislatures, which often clashed with the appointedRepublican territorial governors. The political infighting became particularly vicious in 1867 when GovernorDavid W. Ballard asked for protection from federal troops stationed at Fort Boise against the territorial legislature. By 1870, however, the political infighting had decreased considerably.
In 1868, the areas east of the111th meridian west were made part of the newly createdWyoming Territory. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state at that time.The discovery of gold, silver and other valuable natural resources throughout Idaho beginning in the 1860s, as well as the completion of theTranscontinental Railroad in 1869, brought many new people to the territory, including Chinese laborers who came to work the mines. As Idaho approached statehood, mining and other extractive industries became increasingly important to its economy. By the 1890s, for example, Idaho exported more lead than any other state.
Construction began on the Idaho Territorial Prison in 1870 and was completed by 1872. The prison was in use by the territory, then the state until 1973. TheOld Idaho State Penitentiary was placed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 1974 for its significance as a Territorial Prison. The site currently contains museums and anarboretum.[5]
Almost immediately after Idaho Territory was created, a public school system was created andstage coach lines were established. Regular newspapers were active in Lewiston,Boise andSilver City by 1865. The first telegraph line reached Franklin in 1866, with Lewiston being the first town linked in northern Idaho in 1874. The first telephone call in the Pacific Northwest was made on May 10, 1878, in Lewiston.
Although forming a sizable minority, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Idaho were held in suspicion by others in Idaho. By 1882, notable and powerful Idahoans successfully disenfranchised members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints voters in Idaho Territory, citing their illegalpractice of polygamy. Idaho was able to achieve statehood some six years before Utah, a territory which had a larger population and had been settled longer, but was majority members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with voting polygamists.
There were four thousand Chinese living in the Idaho Territory from 1869 to 1875. Like manyChinese immigrants, they came to "Gold Mountain" to work as miners, or found work as laundrymen and cooks.[6] The 1870 census reported there were 1,751 Chinese inIdaho City who were nearly half of city residents.[7]
TheNez Perce War began in the north-central portion of the territory atWhite Bird Canyon in June 1877, and concluded four months later in easternMontana Territory atBear Paw.
After the capital relocation controversy, proposals to split the two regions became widespread. For the rest of the decade, Idaho Territory was nearly legislated out of existence. In 1885, the Idaho legislature published a bipartisan memorial to Congress asking for northern Idaho to be returned to Washington Territory. There were two attempts during the49th Congress to accomplish this. On March 1, 1887 Congress sent a bill to PresidentGrover Cleveland which would have returned northern Idaho to Washington Territory. Cleveland, likely as a favor to GovernorEdward A. Stevenson, refused to sign the bill and it waspocket vetoed when the session of Congress ended two days later.[8] Nevada and Utah showed interest in acquiring the remainders of southern Idaho.[9][10][11]
In 1889, theUniversity of Idaho was awarded to the northern town ofMoscow instead of its original planned location at Eagle Rock (nowIdaho Falls) in the south. This served to alleviate some of the hard feelings felt byNorth Idaho residents over losing the capital.
In a bid for statehood, Governor Stevenson called for aconstitutional convention in 1889. The convention approved a constitution on August 6, 1889, and voters approved the constitution on November 5, 1889.[12][13][14] PresidentBenjamin Harrison signed the law admitting Idaho as aU.S. state on July 3, 1890.
State ofIdaho | |
|---|---|
Boise (capital) | |
| Topics | |
| Society | |
| Regions | |
| Larger cities | |
| Smaller cities | |
| Counties | |
