Aterminus post quem ('limit after which', sometimes abbreviatedTPQ) andterminus ante quem ('limit before which', abbreviatedTAQ) specify the known limits of dating for events or items.[1][2][3]
Aterminus post quem is the earliest date the event may have happened or the item was in existence, and aterminus ante quem is the latest. An event may well have both aterminus post quem and aterminus ante quem, in which case the limits of the possible range of dates are known at both ends, but many events have just one or the other. Similarly, aterminus ad quem 'limit to which' is the latest possible date of a non-punctual event (period, era, etc.), whereas aterminus a quo 'limit from which' is the earliest. The concepts are similar to those ofupper and lower bounds in mathematics.
These terms are often used in archaeological and historical studies, such as dating layers in excavated sites, coins, historical events, authors, inscriptions or texts where the exact dates may not be known or may be in dispute.[2][3]
For example, consider an archaeological find of a burial that contains coins dating to 1588, 1595, and others less securely dated to 1590–1625. Theterminus post quem for the burial would be the latest date established with certainty: in this case, 1595. A secure dating of an older coin to an earlier date would not shift theterminus post quem.
An archaeological example of aterminus ante quem would be deposits formed before a historically dateable event, such as building foundations that were partly demolished to make way for the construction of a city wall. If it is known that the wall was finished in 650, then the foundations must have been demolished in 650 or earlier; all that can be said from the evidence is that it happened before the known event.
Other examples of things that may establish aterminus are known dates of death or travel by persons involved, a particular form ofheraldry that can be dated (seepastiglia for example), references to reigning monarchs or office-holders, or a placing relative to any other events whose date is securely known. In a modern context, dated images, such as those available inGoogle Earth, may establish termini.
Aterminus ante quem non differs from aterminus post quem by not implying the event necessarily took place. 'Event E happened after time T' implies E occurred, whereas 'event E did not happen before time T' leaves open the possibility that E never occurred at all.[dubious –discuss]
Inproject planning, sometimes the phrases "no earlier than" / "no later than" (NET/NLT) are used.[citation needed]