| Angami | |
|---|---|
| Native to | India |
| Region | Nagaland |
| Ethnicity | Angami Naga |
Native speakers | 150,000 (2011 census)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | njm |
| Glottolog | anga1288 |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Angami, also known asTenyidie, is aNaga language spoken in theNaga Hills in the northeastern part ofIndia, inKohima district,Nagaland.[2] In 2011, there is an estimate of 153,000 first language (L1) Angami speakers.[1] Under the UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework, Angami is at the level of "vulnerable", meaning that it is still spoken by most children, but "may be restricted to certain domains".[3]
This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | ||||||||
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ʰ | n̥ʰ | ɲ̊ʰ | |||||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | |||||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ||||||
| Approximant | voiceless | l̥ʰ | ɻ̊ | j̊ | ʍ | ||||
| voiced | l | ɻ | j | w | |||||
Other dialects also contrast/tʃʰtʃdʒ/.[f] only occurs as an allophone of/p/. The velar fricative is in free variation with[h]. The post-alveolar approximants are trulyretroflex (sub-apical)[ɻ̊ɻ] before mid and low vowels, butlaminal[ɹ̠̊ɹ̠] before high vowels (/iu/).[4]
Angami voiceless nasals are unusual in that, unlike the voiceless nasals ofBurmese, they have a positive rather than negativevoice onset time—that is, they areaspirated rather than partially voiced. The same is true of the laterals. In both cases, the aspiration has the formants characteristic of Angamih, which is somewhat velar in pronunciation. The other voiceless approximants may not be aspirated, as the h-like formants occur during the entire hold of the consonant.[4]
The following are the vowels of the Khonoma dialect.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
The labial and labialized consonants have labiodental affricate allophones before/ə/ (but not in/Cɻə/ consonant clusters). In addition, about half the time, the rhotic becomes syllabic (arhotic vowel) in this environment:
| Phon. | allophone before/ə/ |
|---|---|
| p | pfə ~ fə ?[a] |
| (b) | (bvə)[b] |
| m̥ʰ | ɱ̊ʰə |
| m | ɱə |
| kʷʰ | kʰfə |
| kʷ | kvə |
| ɡʷ | ɡvə |
| ɻ | ɻ̩ ~ ɚ |
Angami syllables may be of the formV,CV, orCɻV. Attested clusters are/pʰɻ/,/pɻ/,/kʰɻ/,/kɻ/.[4]
Meyase (2023) recognizes southern, northern, and western dialects of Angami, including the following.[5]
Preliminary Proto-Tenyi lexical reconstructions by Meyase (2023), with supporting data from four Tenyidie dialects, are as follows.[5]
| Gloss | Proto-Tenyi | Jokha (Southern 1) | Kiwe (Southern 2) | Kewhi (Northern) | Khwüno (Western) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| do | *tsʰi | tʰə́ | cʰə́ | tsʰə́ | ʃə́ |
| hurt | *tsʰi | tʰə̄ | cʰə̄ | tsʰə̄ | ʃə̄ |
| flesh | *tsʰi | tʰə̀ | cʰə̀ | tsʰə̀ | ʃə̀ |
| old | *gwe | wé | wé | wé | gwé |
| bison | *gwi | wí | wí | wí | gwí |
| wash hand | *m-to | metò | metò | metì | metì |
| transform | *m-vi | meví | meví | meví | meví |
| make good | *p-vi | meví | meví | peví | peví |
| all | *p-te | metē | metē | petē | petē |
| green | *p-ɟo | meɟò | meɟò | peɟò | peʒiè |
| wait | *kʰwe | qʰwé | kʰwé | fé-pfʰé | kʰwé |
| shawl | *kʰwe | qʰwè | kʰwè | fè-pfʰè | kʰwè |
| bee | *m-kʰwi | oqʰwí | akʰwí | mefī | mekʰwí |
| monkey | *t-kwi | oqwī | akwī | tepfī | tekwī |
| tidy up | *k-kwe | qeqwè | kekwè | kepfè | kekwè |
| to fly | *pro | prō | prō | pruō | pō |
| strong | *ko | qō | kō | kuō | kō |
| to walk | *to | tò | tò | tiò | tò |
Northern sound change innovations include:[5]
Southern sound change innovations include:[5]
A wealth of Angami grammars, lexicons are available in Tenyidie and in English. However, these collections often conflict in their analysis of the phonemic or syntactic nature of the language. This is due to the difference at the time of the documentation, and the choice of informants from varying dialect. Especially in the earlier language documentations (1870s–1960s), mostly by Christian missionary; their informants' meta-data were not specified and any dialect of Angami were assumed to be the "standard" of Angami within the Nagaland region. The Angami-English Phrasebook[6] and Angami-English-Hindi dictionary[7] available online.
The complete Tenyidie bible was published in 1970. However, only the translated chapter of Genesis[8] from the bible was posted on the internet under The Rosetta Project. Also, Christian devotional materials such as The Bible...Basically® in Tenyidie[9] are also available online.
Another source of text is largely from the ethnic folktales (e.g. Angami Naga folklore by Sekhose, 1970) and especially from song lyrics written in Tenyidie. Other than Christian songs written by the Angami church community (e.g. Shieshülie songbook by Baptist Revival Church[10]), the rising rock music culture started to stir in the Nagaland as the music events and societies like the Hornbill National Rock Contest[11]
The next largest source of Tenyidie is the educational materials used in the Kohima schools and university. Although much of these texts are in printed forms, a query on the web does retrieve some Indian exams papers[12][13] that contain test questions on Tenyidie.
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