Taverns in North America date back tocolonial America. Colonial Americans drank a variety of distilled spirits. As the supply of distilled spirits, especiallyrum, increased, and their price dropped, they became the drink of choice throughout the colonies.^[1] In 1770, per capita consumption was 3.7 gallons ofdistilled spirits per year, rising to 5.2 gallons in 1830 or approximately 1.8 one-ounceshots a day for every adult white man.^[2] That total does not include thebeer orhard cider, which colonists routinely drank in addition to rum, the most consumeddistilled beverage available inBritish America.Benjamin Franklin printed a "Drinker's Dictionary" in hisPennsylvania Gazette in 1737, listing some 228slang terms used fordrunkenness inPhiladelphia.

The sheer volume ofhard liquor consumption fell off, but the brewing of beer increased, and men developedcustoms andtraditions based on how to behave at thetavern. By 1900, the 26 million American men over age 18patronized 215,000licensed taverns and probably 50,000 unlicensed (illegal) ones, or one per 100 men.^[3] Twice the density could be found in working classneighborhoods. They served mostly beer; bottles were available, but most drinkers went to the taverns. Probably half of the American men avoidedsaloons and so the average consumption for actual patrons was about half-a-gallon of beer per day, six days a week. In 1900, the city ofBoston, with about 200,000 adult men, counted 227,000 daily saloon customers.^[4]

Taverns in the colonies closely followed theordinaries of themother country. Taverns, along with inns, at first were mostly known asordinaries, which were constructed throughout most of New England.^[5] These institutions were influential in the development of new settlements, serving as gathering spaces for the community. Taverns here though served many purposes such as courtrooms, religious meetings, trading posts, inns, post offices, and convenience stores.^[6] The taverns in the North and the South were different in their uses as well unlike the central ideal tavern in England. The ones in the South that are closer to the frontier were used as inns and trading post from those who were headed into the unknown lands to settle.^[7] The multiple functions of public houses were especially important in frontier communities in which other institutions were often weak, which was certainly true on the southern colonial frontier.^[7] They were supervised bycounty officials, who recognized the need for taverns and the need to maintain order, to minimize drunkenness and avoid it on Sundays if possible, and to establish the responsibilities of tavern keepers. With those profits came progress, which improved the new homelands with the use of taverns as well as breweries.^[8] The original structure of these taverns were log cabins, typically a storey and a half high with two rooms on each floor. The ground floor could be used by the public, and the upper floor had the bedrooms and was somewhat removed from the public.

Larger taverns provided rooms for travelers, especially in county seats that housed the county court. Upscale taverns had a lounge with a huge fireplace, a bar at one side, plenty of benches and chairs, and several dining tables. The best houses had a separate parlor for ladies because the other part was unclean, as well as an affable landlord, good cooking, soft, roomy beds, fires in all rooms in cold weather, and warming pans used on the beds at night. In the backwoods, the taverns were wretched hovels, dirty with vermin for company; even so, they were safer and more pleasant for the stranger than camping by the roadside. Even on main highways such as the Boston Post Road, travelers routinely reported the taverns had bad food, hard beds, scanty blankets, inadequate heat, and poor service. One Sunday in 1789, PresidentGeorge Washington, who was touring Connecticut, discovered that the locals discouraged travel on the Sabbath and so he spent the day at Perkins Tavern, "which by the way is not a good one."^[9]

Taverns were essential for colonial Americans, especially in the rural South, where colonists learned current crop prices, engaged in trade, and heard newspapers read aloud. For most rural Americans, the tavern was the chief link to the greater world and played a role much like the city marketplace of medieval Europe.

Taverns absorbed leisure hours, and games were provided. Horse races often began and ended at taverns, as did militia-training exercises. Cockfights were common. At upscale taverns, the gentry had private rooms or even organized a club. When politics was in season or the county court was meeting, political talk filled the taverns.

Taverns served multiple functions on the Southern colonial frontier. Society inRowan County, North Carolina, was divided along lines of ethnicity, gender, race, and class, but in taverns, the boundaries often overlapped, as diverse groups were brought together at nearby tables. Consumerism in the backcountry was limited not by ideology or culture but by distance from markets and poor transportation. The increasing variety of drinks served and the development of clubs indicates that genteel culture spread rapidly from London to the periphery of theEnglish world.^[7]

In the colonial era, in certain areas, up to 40 percent of taverns were operated by women,^[10][11] especially widows. Local magistrates, who had to award a license before a tavern could operate, preferred widows who knew the business and might otherwise be impoverished and become a charge to the county.^[12] The main reason was that taverns started to become upper-class establishments, which called for more experienced proprietors.^[1] Only licensed ordinaries, though, were usually allowed to sell alcohol for consumption with fixed measures for fixed prices.^[5] Women and children were not usually welcome as fellow drinkers. In some instances, women and children were welcome in taverns but it was mostly a place reserved for men. If women were found in a tavern, they were typically considered prostitutes. Women would come into taverns to look for their husbands or would come with their fathers or brothers; otherwise, women were not allowed.^[13] The drinkers were men, and indeed, they often defined their manliness by how much alcohol they could drink at a time. The public held standards like keeping an orderly house, selling at prices according to the law, and not slandering other tavern keepers to avoid bad reputations.^[7]

In rural communities, the tavern was a very important public space since it offered the community a place not only to meet but also to conduct business. The tavern also acted as an impromptu court house, where rules could be made, and disputes could be settled.^[7] From 1660 to 1665, the Virginia government met inJamestown at the local taverns. From 1749 to 1779, theMosby Tavern was thecourthouse,jail, andmilitiarendezvous forCumberland County, Virginia and later forPowhatan County, Virginia.Gifford Dalley managedCity Tavern inPhiladelphia, which served as an unofficial meeting place for theFirst Continental Congress, and in documents, he served as the Keeper of the Door for the First, Second, and Third United States Congresses.^[14] Dalley's brother-in-law, John Simmons, owned Simmons' Tavern inNew York City, where New York's City Mayor James Duane was sworn into office while City Hall was being refurbished after the Revolutionary War.^[15] The last time Congress met at a tavern it was at Fraunces Tavern. TheTun Tavern in Philadelphia is regarded as the place where theU.S. Marines were first recruited.^{[citation needed]} Neither place still exists, but a reconstruction of City Tavern in Philadelphia still operates.

Many were also the local post office and or the polling place. TheUnited States Postal Service had its origins in the private taverns andcoffeehouses of America.^[16]

A depiction of Civil War troops reading their mail at the Eagle Tavern which doubled as the post office inSilver Spring, Maryland can be seen at the Silver Spring Library. The Old Post Office Tavern is in operation today in Leavenworth, Washington. Old Kelley's Tavern in New Hampshire is a multifunctional tavern. Colonel William B. Kelley of New Hampshire operated a tavern and was the Postmaster General for New Hampshire. The mail came and went from his home. The Hanover Tavern inHanover County, Virginia is another tavern which also operated as the post office. TheGeneral Wayne Inn in Lower Merion Pennsylvania also served as a post office from 1830 to 1850 and was also thepolling place in 1806.

The oldest tavern is a distinction claimed by numerous establishments. Some establishments clarify their claims with oldest continuously operating tavern, oldest family-owned tavern, oldest drinking establishment, or oldest licensed since there are many ways to distinguish the oldest tavern. The first tavern inBoston, Massachusetts, was aPuritanordinary, opened on March 4, 1633.^[17] That date would have been given under theJulian Calendar, which was in use by England and its colonies at the time.

TheWhite Horse Tavern, inNewport, Rhode Island, is most likely the tavern housed in the oldest building {built 1683; licensed 1687}. The Blue Anchor, the first drinking establishment at Front and Dock Streets inPhiladelphia, began operation in 1681.Jean Lafitte's Black Smith Shoppe, inNew Orleans, Louisiana is claimed by some to be the oldest bar that continuously operated before 1775. Lafitte himself was born in 1776. TheWayside Inn, inSudbury, Massachusetts, is reputedly the oldest operating inn in America and goes back to 1716.^{[citation needed]}

German immigrants to the United States, who introducedlager beer to the United States, also introducedbeer gardens (often attached to breweries) to the U.S. in the mid-19th century.^[18] TheSchlitz Palm Gardens andPabst Park beer gardens, inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, are regarded as precursors to moderntheme parks.^[18]

Germans operated nearly all of the nation'sbreweries, with a high demand, untilprohibition arrived in 1920.German-American newspapers promotedtemperance but notabstinence. From the German perspective, the issue was less the ill effects of alcohol than its benefits in promoting social life. For German-Americans, the beer garden stood as one of the two pillars of German social and spiritual life, alongside the church.^[19]

Perhaps the most famous American tavern isFraunces Tavern, at the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets, in Lower Manhattan. Originally built as a residence in 1719, it was opened as a tavern by Samuel Fraunces in 1762, and became a much used gathering place. Fraunces Tavern was the site of merchants' meetings on the post-1763 taxes, plots by theSons of Liberty, and entertainments for British andLoyalist officers during theAmerican Revolution. In its Long Room, on December 4, 1783, GeneralGeorge Washington said farewell to his officers and family.

The heavy Puritan heritage ofNew England meant that local government was strong enough to regulate and close rowdy places. However, the power of ministers faded, and by the 1690s, provincial leaders had recognized that they could not eradicate hard drinking in taverns. From then to after the American Revolution, the tavern was a widely-accepted institution inMassachusetts.^{[citation needed]}

Between 1697 and 1756 Elizabeth Harvey, followed by her daughter-in-law, Ann Harvey Slayton, operated a successful tavern inPortsmouth, New Hampshire. Their careers reveal the public acceptance of female management and authority within the confines of the tavern. Under Harvey, the tavern became a mail stop and began hosting General Assembly and executive committee meetings. After Slayton took over, the tavern held town meetings; supplied necessities to the poor for which the town gave reimbursement; and provided accommodations for the provincial government, courts, and legislative committees.^[20]

Incolonial North Carolina, taverns had multiple functions. In addition to their functions as accommodation for travelers and as places for eating and drinking, taverns served as places for commerce, informal political discussion, and the spread of news and information.^[7] From 1753 to 1776, the number of taverns operating in the frontier county ofRowan County, North Carolina in an average year was "probably closer to forty than ten," based on taxation and licensure records.^[7] Overall, distilled spirits such as whiskey, rum, and brandy, were more common than beer. Research shows that the consumption of alcohol varied by place based on the ethnic composition of the tavern's customers: "The more Scottish a tavern's clientele the more spirits served, and the more German or English its patrons the more beer served."^[7]

Women were underrepresented as both patrons and operators of colonialNorth Carolina taverns. That may be partially attributable to the demographics of frontier settlements, which were skewed male.^[7]

In ethnic neighborhoods of cities, mill towns, and mining camps, the saloonkeeper was an important man. Groups of 25–50 recent arrivals speaking the same language and probably also from the same province or village back inEurope drank together and frequented the same saloon. They trusted the saloonkeeper to translate and write letters for them, help with transatlantic letters and remittances, keep their savings for them, and explain American laws and customs.^[21]

Speakeasies, or "blind pigs," were illegal bars and became extremely common duringProhibition (1920–1933). The term "speakeasy" entered the vernacular inPennsylvania in the late 1880s as illegal saloons flourished when the cost of legal liquor licenses was raised under the Brooks High License law.^[22] Most taverns closed up, but drinkers found out-of-the-way speakeasies that would serve them. The owners had to buy illegal beer and liquor from criminal syndicates (the most famous was run byAl Capone inChicago) and had to pay off the police to look the other way. The result was an overall decrease in drinking and an enormous increase in organized crime, gang warfare, and civic corruption, as well as a decline in tax revenue. Prohibition was repealed in 1933, and legitimate places reopened.

Roberts (2008) shows that inUpper Canada (nowOntario) in the early 19th century, there was an informal ritual at work that tavern keepers and patrons followed. For example, the barrooms were reserved for men, but adjacent rooms were places in which women could meet, families could come, and female sociability flourished. Meanwhile, the local men and the visitors, such as travelers, doctors, tradespeople, and artists, could express their views on topics of general interest.

Occasionally, heated arguments would break into fights between religious or ethnic groups.^[23] Despite efforts by social reformers to regulate taverns in Ontario, physical violence linked to drinking was common. Indeed, 19th-century masculinity, derived from earlier models of fur traders in the region, was often predicated on feats of strength and stamina and on skill in fighting. Taverns were the most common public gathering place for males of the working class and thus the site of frequent confrontations. Men's honour and men's bodies, which were socially and historically linked, found public and often destructive expression in the tavern setting.^[24]

The term "tavern" was regularly used in Ontario until the mid-1980s, when it disappeared and has been replaced with "bar" for almost any restaurant type of facility that sells alcohol.

Reformers inMexico who denounced the terrible effects of heavy consumption of alcohol on public disorder, health, and quality of work made periodic attempts to control it inMexico City in the late 18th century and the early 19th century. The poor frequented thepulquerías, wherepulque, made from themaguey plant, was sold. After the legalization of the more potentaguardiente in 1796, the poor could also afford theviñaterías, where hard liquor was served, and drunkenness increased. The taverns played an important social and recreational role in the lives of the poor. Influential citizens often owned thepulcherías and opposed reform, as did owners of the maguey haciendas. Tax revenues from alcohol were important to the government. Those factors, as well the lax enforcement of the laws, resulted in the failure of tavern reform.^[25]

• Drinking establishments in North America
• Restaurants in North America

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