Tai Tham ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼, Tua Tham
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 1300–present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Northern Thai,Tai Lü,Khün,Isan andLao
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Tamil-Brahmi Pallava alphabet[1] Old Mon script[1][2][3] Tai Tham
Child systems	New Tai Lue,Tham Lao
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Lana(351), ​Tai Tham (Lanna)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Tai Tham
Unicode range	U+1A20–U+1AAF
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Tai Tham script (Tham meaning "scripture") is anabugidawriting system used mainly for a group ofSouthwestern Tai languages i.e.,Northern Thai,Tai Lü,Khün andLao; as well as the liturgical languages of Buddhism i.e.,Pali andSanskrit. It is historically known asTua Tham (ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼ orᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼). InThailand andMyanmar, the script is often referred to asLanna script (Thai:อักษรธรรมล้านนาRTGS: Akson Tham Lan Na;Burmese:လန်နာအက္ခရာ;MLCTS:Lanna Akhkara) in relation to the historicalkingdom of Lan Na situating in the Northern region of modern day Thailand andKyaingtong,Shan state in Myanmar.^[4][5] Local people inNorthern Thailand also call the script asTua Mueang (ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ,Northern Thai pronunciation:[tǔa̯.mɯ̄a̯ŋ]listen^ⓘ) in parallel toKam Mueang, a local name forNorthern Thai language.^[5] InLaos andIsan region of Thailand, a variation of Tai Tham script, often dubbedLao Tham, is also known by the locals asTo Tham Lao (Northeastern Thai:โตธรรมลาว/toː˩.tʰam˧˥.laːw˧/, cf.Lao:ໂຕທຳ/ໂຕທັມ BGN/PCGNto tham) or Yuan script.^[6] Tai Tham script is traditionally written on a dried palm leaf as apalm-leaf manuscript.^[5]

TheNorthern Thai language is a close relative of(standard) Thai. It is spoken by nearly 6 million people inNorthern Thailand and several thousand inLaos of whom few are literate in Lanna script. The script is still read by older monks. Northern Thai has sixlinguistic tones and Thai only five, making transcription into theThai alphabet problematic. There is some resurgent interest in the script among younger people, but an added complication is that the modern spoken form, called Kam Muang, differs in pronunciation from the older form.^[7]

There are 670,000 speakers of Tai Lü, some of those born before 1950 are literate in Tham, also known asOld Tai Lue.^{[citation needed]} The script has also continued to be taught in the monasteries. TheNew Tai Lue script is derived from Tham. There are 120,000 speakers of Khün for which Lanna is the only script.

This article containsLanna text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofTai Tham script.

The Tai Tham script shows a strong similarity to theMon script used by the Mon kingdom ofHaripunjaya around the 13th century CE, in the present-dayLamphun Province of Northern Thailand. The oldest known document containing the Tai Tham script is dated to 1376 CE and was found inSukhothai. The document is a bilingual inscription on a gold folio, containing one line ofPali written in the Tai Tham script, while the vernacular is written in the Siamese language, using theSukhothai script. The Tai Tham script was adapted to write vernacular languages not later than the 15th century CE, most probably inChiang Mai, in theLan Na Kingdom.^[8] The script spread from Lan Na to surrounding areas such as modern dayLaos,Isan,Shan State andSipsong Panna. Numerous local variants developed, such as theLue variant (Sipsong Panna), theKhuen variant (Shan State) and theTham Lao variant (Laos and Isan). The variants differ only slightly in appearance, and the system of writing has remained the same.^[9] As the name suggests, the use of the Tham (Dharma) script in Lao was restricted to religious literature, either used to transcribe Pali, or religious treatises written in Lao intended solely for the clergy. Religious instructional materials and prayer books dedicated to the laity were written inTai Noi instead. As a result, only a few people outside the temples were literate in the script. InIsan, evidence of the script includes two stone inscriptions, such as the one housed atWat ThamSuwannakhuha inNong Bua Lamphu, dated to 1564, and another fromWat Mahaphon inMaha Sarakham from the same period.^[10]

Most of the script is recorded on palm-leaf manuscripts, many of which were destroyed during the 'Thaification' purges of the 1930s; contemporaneously this period of Thai nationalisation also ended its use as the primary written language inNorthern Thailand.^[11] Although no longer in use in Isan, the alphabet is enjoying a resurgence inNorthern Thailand, and is still used as the primary written script for theTai Lü andTai Khün languages spoken in the 'Golden Triangle' where Thailand, Laos, Burma and southern China meet. Its use is rather limited to the long-term monks in Laos and most materials published today are in the modern Lao script.^[11]

Although both the ancient forms of the Mon and Khmer script are different, they are bothabugidas that descend from theBrahmic scripts introduced via contacts with South Indian traders, soldiers, merchants and Brahmans. As a Mon-derived script,Tai Tham has many similarities with theBurmese,Shan, andMon writing systems and rounder letter forms compared to the angled letters of Khmer.^[11] Letters can be stacked, sometimes with special subscript forms, similar to 'ຼ' which was used in Tai Noi and also in modern Lao as the subscript version of 'ຣ' /r/ or 'ລ' /l/ as inLao:ຫຼວງພຼະບາງ/ຫລວງພຣະບາງ.^[4] Letters also are more circular or rounded than the typically angled style of Khmer.^[10] However, the Tai Tham script does not use thevirama similar to other Eastern Indic scripts like Thai and Khmer, unlike Burmese and Mon.^[4]

There are 43 Tai Tham consonants. They are divided into three groups: categorized consonants (ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨶᩲᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼,payanjana nai wak), non-categorized consonants (ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼,payanjana awak), and additional consonants (ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨲᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᨾ,payanjana tueam). Categorized consonants and non-categorized consonants are those derived fromOld Mon script used forPali andSanskrit languages. Similar toDevanagari,Pallava script, andBurmese script, categorized consonants are divided into 5 subgroups calledwak (ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼) i.e.,wak ka (ᨠ),wak ja (ᨧ),wak rata (ᨭ),wak ta (ᨲ), andwak pa (ᨷ). The additional consonants are the consonants invented to writeTai sounds that are originally not found in Pali. In a dictionary, letterᩂ andᩄ are often put in the consonant list following the letterᩁ andᩃ respectively. However, they are asyllabary (also a vowel) and not a consonant letter.

There are 25 categorized consonants, 10 non-categorized consonants, and 8 additional consonants. Similar to Khmer, Tai Tham also has a subjoined form calledhaang (ᩉᩣ᩠ᨦ),tua joeng (ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨩᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ), ortua hoy (ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᩉᩬ᩠ᨿ᩶). In theUnicode input method,sakot sign (U1A60) (◌᩠) is used to trigger the subjoined forms.^[6][12] The additional consonants are shown in yellow. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form. Similar toThai script andLao script, consonants in Tai Tham can be classified into high, mid, and low classes regarding to the tone rules.

	Letter		Subjoined form	Name		Transliteration		IPA		Tone Class
				Translit.	IPA	Initial	Final	Initial	Final
1. Wak Ka	ᨠ		◌᩠ᨠ	ka	[kǎ]	k	k	[k]	[k̚]	high
	ᨡ		◌᩠ᨡ	xa, kha	[xǎ],[kʰǎ]	x, kh	k	[x],[kʰ]	[k̚]	high
	ᨢ[a]		—	xa, kha	[xǎ]	x, kh	—	[x]	[k̚]	high
	ᨣ		◌᩠ᨣ	ka	[ka᷇]	k	k	[k]	[k̚]	low
	ᨤ[a]		—	xa, kha	[xa᷇]	x, kh	—	[x]	[k̚]	low
	ᨥ		◌᩠ᨥ	xa, kha	[xa᷇],[kʰa᷇]	x, kh	k	[x],[kʰ]	[k̚]	low
	ᨦ		◌᩠ᨦ	nga	[ŋa᷇]	ng	ng	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	low
2. Wak Ja	ᨧ		◌᩠ᨧ	ja, ca	[t͡ɕǎ]	j, c	t	[t͡ɕ]	[t̚]	high
	ᨨ		◌᩠ᨨ	sa, cha	[sǎ],[t͡ɕʰǎ]	s, ch	—	[s],[t͡ɕʰ]	—	high
	ᨩ		◌᩠ᨩ	ja, ca	[t͡ɕa᷇]	j, c	t	[t͡ɕ]	[t̚]	low
	ᨪ[a]		—	sa	[sa᷇]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	low
	ᨫ	,	◌᩠ᨫ	sa, cha	[sa᷇],[t͡ɕʰa᷄]	s, ch	t	[s],[t͡ɕʰa᷄]	[t̚]	low
	ᨬ		◌᩠ᨬ	nya	[ɲa᷇]	ny, y	n	[ɲ],[j][b]	[n]	low
3. Wak Rata	ᨭ		◌᩠ᨭ	rata	[lǎ.tǎ]	t	t	[t]	[t̚]	high
	ᨮ	,	◌᩠ᨮ ,◌ᩛ	ratha	[lǎ.tʰǎ]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	high
	ᨯ		◌᩠ᨯ	da	[dǎ]	d, th[c]	t	[d],[tʰ][c]	[t̚]	mid
	ᨰ		◌᩠ᨰ	ratha	[lǎ.tʰa᷇]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	low
	ᨱ		◌᩠ᨱ	rana	[lǎ.na᷇]	n	n	[n]	[n]	low
4. Wak Ta	ᨲ		◌᩠ᨲ	ta	[tǎ]	t	t	[t]	[t̚]	high
	ᨳ		◌᩠ᨳ	tha	[tʰǎ]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	high
	ᨴ		◌᩠ᨴ	ta	[ta᷇]	t	t	[t]	[t̚]	low
	ᨵ		◌᩠ᨵ	tha	[tʰa᷇]	th	t	[tʰ]	[t̚]	low
	ᨶ		◌᩠ᨶ	na	[na᷇]	n	n	[n]	[n]	low
5. Wak Pa	ᨷ		◌᩠ᨷ ,◌ᩝ	ba	[bǎ]	b	p	[b][d]	[p̚]	mid
			◌᩠ᨷ	pa[e]	[pǎ]	p	p	[p][e][13][14]	[p̚]	high[14][13]
	ᨸ[a][f]		–	pa	[pǎ]	p	p	[p]	[p̚]	high
	ᨹ		◌᩠ᨹ	pha	[pʰǎ]	ph	–	[pʰ]	–	high
	ᨺ[a]		–	fa	[fǎ]	f	–	[f]	–	high
	ᨻ		◌᩠ᨻ ,◌ᩛ	pa	[pa᷇]	p	p	[p]	[p̚]	low
	ᨼ[a]		–	fa	[fa᷇]	f	p	[f]	[p̚]	low
	ᨽ		◌᩠ᨽ	pha	[pʰa᷇]	ph	p	[pʰ]	[p̚]	low
	ᨾ		◌᩠ᨾ ,◌ᩜ	ma	[ma᷇]	m	m	[m]	[m]	low
6. Awak	ᨿ		◌᩠ᨿ	nya	[ɲa᷇]	ny, y	–	[ɲ],[j][b]	–	low
	ᩀ[a]		–	ya	[jǎ]	y	–	[j]	–	mid
	ᩁ		◌᩠ᩁ ,ᩕ	ra, la	[la᷇]	r,[g] l, h	n	[r],[c][l],[c][h]	[n]	low
	ᩃ		◌᩠ᩃ ,◌ᩖ	la	[la᷇]	l	n	[l]	[n]	low
	ᩅ		◌᩠ᩅ	wa	[wa᷇]	w	–	[w]	–	low
	ᩆ		◌᩠ᩆ	sa	[sǎ]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	high
	ᩇ		◌᩠ᩇ	sa	[sǎ]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	high
	ᩈ		◌᩠ᩈ ,◌ᩞ	sa	[sǎ]	s	t	[s]	[t̚]	high
	ᩉ		◌᩠ᩉ	ha	[hǎ]	h	–	[h]	–	high
	ᩊ		◌᩠ᩊ	la	[la᷇]	l	n	[l]	[n]	low
	ᩋ	,	◌ᩬ	a	[ʔǎ]	–	–	[ʔ]	–	mid
	ᩌ[a]		–	ha	[ha᷇]	h	–	[h]	–	low

Notes

Certain consonants in the low-class group lack their high-class counterpart. These consonants are sometimes called thesingle low-class consonants. Their high-class counterparts are created by the combination with letterhigh Ha (ᩉ) as a digraph, calledHa Nam (ᩉ ᨶᩣᩴ).^[15]

Notes

Tai Tham has three medial letters to form a consonant cluster: medialLa (◌ᩖ a.k.aLa Noi), medialRa (ᩕ a.k.aRawong), and medialWa. Consonant cluster with medialWa is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme. Consonant cluster with MedialLa and MedialRa are considered a false consonant cluster as they do not produce the same effect. They are the remnant of theProto-Southwestern Tai initial consonant clusters that existed during the early development of Tai Tham before the 16th century.^[16]

MedialLa is a silent letter and not pronounced. For example, the word ᨸᩖᩦ and ᨸᩦ are both pronouncedpi. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster. The use of MedialLa is now preserved only for a semantic purpose.

Consonant cluster with medialRa can be divided into two groups: one with an initial consonant sound change and one without the sound change. In some cases, an additional phoneme /l/ may be added with the initial consonant pronounced as a half-syllable. Noting that the /l/ phoneme also carries the tone of the initial consonant. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster.

Consonant cluster with medialRa changes the sound of the voiceless plosive consonants /k/, /t/, and /p/ to the aspirated plosive consonants/kʰ/,/tʰ/, and/pʰ/, respectively.

Consonant cluster with medialRa does not change the sound of/t͡ɕ/ and/s/, but an additional phoneme /l/ is often added.

Consonant cluster with medialWa is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme.

Letter		Name			Phonetic value (IPA)	Comments
		Tham	Translit.	IPA
ᩓ	,	ᩃᩯᩡ,ᩃᩯ	lae	[lɛ̄ː]	[lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː]	Ligature of letterᩃ (la) and superscript vowel signᩮ (e).
ᨶᩣ		ᨶᩣ	naa	[nāː]	[nāː]	Ligature of letterᨶ (na) and vowel signᩣ (a).
ᨬ᩠ᨬ		ᨬᨬ	nya nya	[ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ]	[n.ɲ]	Ligature of letterᨱ (rana) andᨬ (nya), used in lieu of doubleᨬ.
ᩔ		ᩈ ᩈᩬᨦᩉᩬ᩶ᨦ	sa song hong	[sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ]	[t̚.s], [s̚.s]	Ligature of doubleᩈ (high sa).
ᩕ		ᩁᩁᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ	rarong, rahong	[la᷇.hōːŋ]	[r], [l], [ʰ]	Subjoined form of letterᩁ (ra) for a consonant cluster such asᨷᩕ (pra)ᨻᩕ (pra) as opposed to the subjoined form-᩠ᩁ used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter.

Vowel characters come in two forms: as stand-alone letters for writing initial vowels or as diacritics that can be attached to all sides of the consonant letters. However, Lanna excels in terms of the number of diacritics used. Some vowel sounds can be written with a combination of as many as four diacritics: one on each side of the consonant.^[21][22]

Independent vowels are mainly reserved for writingPali words, except forᩐᩣ /ʔau/ which is used as a special vowel sign and not for Pali words.^[23]

Tai Tham		IPA	Transliteration
ᩋ		/áʔ/	a
ᩋᩣ		/āː/	aa
ᩍ		/íʔ/	i
ᩎ		/īː/	ii
ᩏ		/úʔ/	u
ᩐ		/ūː/	uu
ᩑ		/ēː/	e
ᩒ		/ōː/	o
ᩂ		/li/, /lɯ̄ː/, /lɯ᷇ʔ/, /lɤː/[24]	rue, ruue, ri, roe[24]
ᩄ			lue, luue, li, loe[24]
ᩐᩣ		/aw/	aw, au, ao

Tone marks		Name			Comments
		Tham	Transliteration	IPA
᩵		ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩢ᩠ᨠ,[14]ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩰᩬᩡ[14]	mai yak, mai yo	/máj.jǎk/, /máj.jɔ́ʔ/
᩶		ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ,[14]ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ[26]	mai kho jang, mai sat	/máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/, /máj.sát/
᩷		ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩳᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[27]	mai ko nuea	/máj.kɔ̌.nɯa̯/	Invented for Khuen language, shape like vowel sign-ᩳ (mai ko).[26]
᩸		ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩬᨦᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[27]	mai song nuea	/máj.sɔ̌ːŋ.nɯa̯/	Invented for Khuen language, shape like᪂ (Hora digit 2).[26]
᩹		ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[27]	mai sam nuea	/máj.sǎːm.nɯa̯/	Invented for Khuen language, shape like᪃ (Hora digit 3).[26]
๋		-	–	-	Borrowed fromThai script "Mai Chattawa" into Khuen language. Interchangeable withmai song nuea.[26]
้		-	–	-	Borrowed fromThai script "Mai Tho" into Khuen language. Interchangeable withmai sam nuea.[26]

There are six phonemictones in theChiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal stop, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. Tones in Chiang Mai dialect are very close to the standard Thai five tones systems and the equivalence can be drawn between the two. Lanna–Thai dictionaries often equate Chiang Mai tones with standard Thai tones, shown in a table below.

Tone mark conjugation system of Tai Tham highly correlates with the system used by Thai script. Despite the difference in tone quality between Northern Thai, Tai Khuen, Thai, and Lao; equivalent words in each language are, in large part, marked with the same (or equivalent) tone mark. For example, the wordᨣ᩶ᩤ (Northern Thai pronunciation:[kaː˦˥];Khuen:[kaː˦˩]) which is equivalent to Thai ค้า (Thai pronunciation:[kʰaː˦˥]), and Lao ຄ້າ (Lao pronunciation:[kʰaː˥˨]) all has the same meaning "to trade" and is expressed with the same or equivalent tone markmai tho/mai kho jang but is pronounced with different tones differed by the languages.

Tone mark conjugation in Tai Tham follows the same model used for Thai script. Consonants are divided into 3 classes: high, mid, low; with some degree of variation form Thai script due to the phonological differences between Northern Thai and standard Thai. Consonants in each class are combined with these tone marks to give a different tonal pattern.

Only two tone marksmai yo(᩵) andmai kho jang(᩶) are mainly used. Low class and High class consonants only have one tone per one tone mark. Hence, to achieve the 6 tones while using only 2 tone marks (and one case of no tone mark), they are conjugated as a couple of the same sound.^[29]

Notes

Mid class consonants ([ʔ], [b], [d], and [j]) do not have a couple for tone conjugation. Hence, different tones can be expressed with the same tone mark. Readers have to rely on the context in order to know the correct tone pronunciation. Therefore, to solve this ambiguity, three new tone marks:mai ko nuea(᩷),mai song nuea(᩸), andmai sam nuea(᩹) were invented for the mid class consonants in Khuen language. However, these three new tone marks aren't used in Lanna spelling convention and even in Khuen, they are rarely used. The use of these new three tone marks is also not standardized and may also differ between the dialects of Khuen language.^[26]

Moreover, similar to standard Thai, the tonal pattern for each consonant class also differs by vowel length and final consonant sounds, which can be divided into the "checked" and "unchecked" syllables. Checked syllables are a group of syllables with the obstruent coda sounds [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and [ʔ] (short vowel with no final consonant actually ends with the glottal stop, but often omitted). The unchecked syllables are a group of syllables with the sonorant coda sound [m], [n], [ŋ], [j], and [w].

Hence, by combining the consonant classes and the system of checked–unchecked syllables, the full tone conjugation table can be constructed as shown below. Color codes are assigned in the table to each tone mark: cyan – no tone mark; yellow –mai yo (equi. Thaimai ek); pink –mai kho jang (equi. Thaimai tho). Low class and high class rows are paired together to show the system of the consonant couples.

Notes

Lanna has two sets of numerals. The first set,Lek Nai Tham, is mainly used forliturgical purposes. The other set,Lek Hora, is used in general.

Tai Tham is very similar in shape to Burmese script since both are derived from Old Mon script. New Tai Lue is a descendant of Tai Tham with its shape simplified and many consonants removed. Thai script looks distinctive from Tai Tham but covers all equivalent consonants including 8 additional consonants, as Thai is the closest sister language to the Northern Thai, Khuen, and Lue languages. A variation of Thai script (Sukhothai script) calledFakkham script was also used inLan Na to write Northern Thai, Khuen, and Lue during the 14th century, influencing the development of the modern Tai Tham script.^[37][5]

	Tai Tham		Burmese	New Tai Lue	Khmer	Thai	Lao
	Unicode	Lanna style
1. Wak Ka	ᨠ		က	ᦂ	ក	ก	ກ
	ᨡ		ခ	ᦃ	ខ	ข	ຂ
	ᨢ		–	–	–	ฃ	–
	ᨣ		ဂ	ᦅ	គ	ค	ຄ
	ᨤ		–	ᦆ	–	ฅ	–
	ᨥ		ဃ	–	ឃ	ฆ	ຆ (modern: ຄ)
	ᨦ		င	ᦇ	ង	ง	ງ
2. Wak Ja	ᨧ		စ	ᦈ	ច	จ	ຈ
	ᨨ		ဆ	–	ឆ	ฉ	(modern: ສ)
	ᨩ		ဇ	ᦋ	ជ	ช	ຊ
	ᨪ		–	ᦌ	–	ซ	–
	ᨫ		ဈ	–	ឈ	ฌ	(modern: ຊ)
	ᨬ		ည	–	ញ	ญ	(modern: ຍ)
3. Wak Rata	ᨭ		ဋ	–	ដ	ฏ	(modern: ຕ)
	ᨮ		ဌ	–	ឋ	ฐ	(modern: ຖ)
	ᨯ		ဍ	ᦡ	ឌ	ฑ, ฎ, ด	(modern: ທ, ດ)
	ᨰ		ဎ	–	ឍ	ฒ	(modern: ທ)
	ᨱ		ဏ	–	ណ	ณ	(modern: ນ)
4. Wak Ta	ᨲ		တ	ᦎ	ត	ต	ຕ
	ᨳ		ထ	ᦏ	ថ	ถ	ຖ
	ᨴ		ဒ	ᦑ	ទ	ท	ທ
	ᨵ		ဓ	ᦒ	ធ	ธ	(modern: ທ)
	ᨶ		န	ᦓ	ន	น	ນ
5. Wak Pa	ᨷ		ပ	ᦢ	ប	บ	ບ
	ᨸ		–	ᦔ	–	ป	ປ
	ᨹ		ဖ	ᦕ	ផ	ผ	ຜ
	ᨺ		–	ᦚ	–	ฝ	ຝ
	ᨻ		ဗ	ᦗ	ព	พ	ພ
	ᨼ		–	ᦝ	–	ฟ	ຟ
	ᨽ		ဘ	ᦘ	ភ	ภ	(modern: ພ)
	ᨾ		မ	ᦙ	ម	ม	ມ
6. Awak	ᨿ		ယ	ᦍ	យ	ย	ຍ
	ᩀ		–	ᦊ	–	อย	ຢ
	ᩁ		ရ	ᦣ	រ	ร	ຣ (modern: ລ)
	ᩃ		လ	ᦟ	ល	ล	ລ
	ᩅ		ဝ	ᦞ	វ	ว	ວ
	ᩆ		ၐ (modern: သ)	–	ឝ (modern: ស)	ศ	(modern: ສ)
	ᩇ		ၑ (modern: သ)	–	ឞ (modern: ស)	ษ	(modern: ສ)
	ᩈ		သ	ᦉ	ស	ส	ສ
	ᩉ		ဟ	ᦠ	ហ	ห	ຫ
	ᩊ		ဠ	–	ឡ	ฬ	(modern: ລ)
	ᩋ		အ	ᦀ	អ	อ	ອ
	ᩌ		–	–	–	ฮ	ຮ
7. Special	ᩂ		ၒ	–	ឫ	ฤ	–
	ᩄ		ၔ	–	ឭ	ฦ	–

The Tai Tham script (like allIndic scripts) uses a number of modifications to writePali and related languages (in particular,Sanskrit). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used.

	Plosive				Nasal	Approximant		Fricative
	voiceless		voiced
	unaspirated	aspirated	unaspirated	aspirated		central	lateral
Velar	[ka]	[kha]	[ga]	[gha]	[ṅa]
Palatal	[ca]	[cha]	[ja]	[jha]	[ña]	[ya]
Retroflex	[ṭa]	[ṭha]	[ḍa]	[ḍha]	[ṇa]	[ra]	[ḷa]
Dental	[ta]	[tha]	[da]	[dha]	[na]		[la]	[sa]
Labial	[pa]	[pha]	[ba]	[bha]	[ma]	[va]
Glottal								[ha]

	Plosive				Nasal	Approximant	Frictive
	voiceless		voiced		voiced	voiced	voiceless
	unaspirated	aspirated	unaspirated	aspirated	unaspirated	unaspirated	aspirated
Guttural	[ka]	[kha]	[ga]	[gha]	[ṅa]	[ha]
Palatal	[ca]	[cha]	[ja]	[jha]	[ña]	[ya]	[śa]
Retroflex	[ṭa]	[ṭha]	[ḍa]	[ḍha]	[ṇa]	[ra]	[ṣa]
Dental	[ta]	[tha]	[da]	[dha]	[na]	[la]	[sa]
Labial	[pa]	[pha]	[ba]	[bha]	[ma]	[va]

Tai Tham script was added to theUnicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The Unicode block for Tai Tham is U+1A20–U+1AAF:

Supports for Tai Tham Unicode font inMicrosoft Windows andMicrosoft office are still limited^[38] causing the widespread use of non-Unicode fonts. Fonts published by theRoyal Society of Thailand andChiang Mai University are also non-Unicode due to this problem and to maximize the ability to transcribe and display the ancient Tai Tham text, which frequently contains various special ligatures and symbols not supported by Unicode.^[39][40] Non-Unicode fonts often use a combination ofThai script andLatin Unicode ranges to resolves the incompatibility problem of Unicode Tai Tham in Microsoft office. However, these fonts may encounter a display problem when used on web browsers as the text can be encoded as an unintelligible Thai text instead. In recent years, many Tai Tham Unicode fonts have been developed for web display and communications via smart phones. Google's Noto Sans Tai Tham becomes the default font for Tai Tham onMac OS andiOS.^[41] However, the current version of this font still fails to display Tai Tham text correctly. The table below gives a list of publicly available Tai Tham fonts.

Note

• Khamjan, Mala(มาลา คำจันทร์).Kham Mueang Dictionary(พจนานุกรมคำเมือง). Chiang Mai: bookworm, 2008.ISBN 978-974-8418-55-1.
• "Lanna script".Complete information from traditional sources. Sky Knowledge. Retrieved2018-07-15.
• Owen, R. Wyn. 2017.A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 10.1, 140–164.
• Trager, Ed. (2014).Hariphunchai Tai Tham Font Project.
• Wordingham, Richard.Lamphun glyphs (A page with specimen of the font Lamphun). Retrieved 15 May 2019.
• Alan Wood's Tai Tham test page

Wikimedia Commons has media related toTai Tham script.

• ISO/IEC 10646:2003/Amd.5:2008 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) – Amendment 5: AMENDMENT 5: Tai Tham, Tai Viet, Avestan, Egyptian Hieroglyphs, CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C, and other characters

• Brahmic scripts
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