Sumantra Ghoshal | |
|---|---|
| Born | 26 September 1948 |
| Died | 3 March 2004 (age 55) Hampstead, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | Delhi University Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management Harvard Business School MIT Sloan School of Management |
| Spouse | Sushmita Ghoshal |
| Children | 2 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Strategic and International Management |
| Institutions | London Business School |
Sumantra Ghoshal was an Indian scholar and educator.[1] He served as a professor of strategic and international management at theLondon Business School, and was the foundingDean of theIndian School of Business inHyderabad. Ghoshal metChristopher Bartlett while he was a PhD student atHarvard. Both of whom have gone on to become frequent contributors at Harvard Business Review and both have collaborated in writing several influential books and articles relating to leadership and organization managements.[2]
HisManaging Across Borders: The Transnational Solution,[3] co-authored withChristopher A. Bartlett, has been listed in theFinancial Times as one of the 50 most influential management books, and has been translated into nine languages.
Born inCalcutta, Ghoshal attended theBallygaunge Government High School, and graduated fromDelhi University withPhysics major and at theIndian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management.[4]
Ghoshal started his career in industry. He worked forIndian Oil Corporation, rising through the management ranks before moving to theUnited States on aFulbright Fellowship andHumphrey Fellowship[5] in 1981. Ghoshal was awarded anS.M. and a PhD from theMIT Sloan School of Management in 1983 and 1985 respectively, and was also awarded aD.B.A. degree fromHarvard Business School in 1986. He worked on these degrees at the same time, writing two distinct dissertations on two different topics.
Ghoshal specialized in Strategic and International Management, often talked about leadership structures and organizational change in large multinational entities. He made a significant contribution to the field of management. He was an influential figure serving on various editorial boards of distinguished journals such as theAcademy of Management Review and the European Management Journal. Ghoshal played a significant role in major companies in India and globally, serving as the Chairman Supervisory Board of Duncan-Goenka and held a position on the board of entities likeMahindra-British Telecom.[1]
In 1985, Ghoshal joinedINSEAD Business School inFrance and wrote a stream of influential articles and books. In 1994, he joined theLondon Business School. Ghoshal was a Fellow of the Advanced Institute of Management Research (AIM) in theUnited Kingdom and a professor of strategic and international management at theLondon Business School. He served as a member of The Committee of Overseers of theHarvard Business School.[6]
Ghoshal developed most of his theories from his personal interactions with managers worldwide. Ghoshal made a controversial theory that companies should not be involve in corporate social responsibilities describing it as "old, tired, and to my mind, useless". He explains that building infrastructure should be the responsibility of thegovernment. Ghoshal concluded his explanation by saying job creation, innovation, and economic prosperity is itself a significant societal contribution.[10]
Ghoshal's early work focused on thematrix structure inmultinational organizations, and the "conflict and confusion" that reporting along both geographical and functional lines created. His later work is more ambitious, and hence perhaps more important – the idea that it is necessary to halteconomics from taking over management. This, he theorised, is important since firms do not play on the periphery of human life today, but have taken a central role.
In collaboration withChristopher A. Bartlett, Ghoshal researched successful enterprises on international markets. They found three types ofinternationalization, differing in structural approach and strategic capabilities. The types were dubbedMultinational,Global andInternational.
| Multinational Enterprise | Global Enterprise | International Enterprise | |
| Strategic competency | responsiveness | efficiency i.e. output per unit of input | transfer of learning |
| Structures | loose federations of enterprises; national subsidiaries solve all operative tasks and some strategical. | tightly centralized enterprise; national subsidiaries primarily seen as distribution centres; all strategic and many operative decisions centralized | Somewhere in between multinational and global enterprises; some strategic areas centralized, some decentralized |
| Samples | Unilever,ITT | Exxon,Toyota | IBM,Ericsson |
Due to an ever-faster changing environment, Bartlett and Ghoshal see a further need for adaptation with a drive toward a company, that masters not one, but all three of the strategic capabilities of the named types. The ideal-type thus created, they dubbed thetransnational enterprise.
In 1990, Ghoshal andBartlett argues in their article with theAcademy of Management Review that major multinational entities will be better understood if they portray themselves as interorganizational alliances, instead of considering itself as one big organization. They also suggested thatmultinational corporation should be viewed as a network of communication between its headquarters and various international branches.[11]
in 1995, Ghoshal co-authored an article with Moran, P., Almeida-Costa, L., titled "The Essence of the Megacorporations", arguing thatmegacorporation internal structures should not be view solely on hierarchy and that hierarchy are not the critical elements of internal governance. They continued with their theory, maintaining that company should create an institutional context that motivates individuals to act in the organization's best interests, rather than relying solely on hierarchical control. The article was published with the Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE).[12]
Ghoshal andBartlett co-authored an article titled "Beyond Strategy to Purpose" with theHarvard Business Review where they argued that if a company's values are only self-serving, they lose appeal to both employees and customers. They also insinuated that companies should shift from a purely transactional relationship with their employees to one that fosters mutual respect, commitment, and a sense of belonging. Arguing such an approach will create a mutually beneficial work environment and overall productivity of the organization.[13]
Also with Bartlett in 1997, Ghoshal set up amanagement context and individual behavior model highlighting a context shaped by stretch, trust, support, and discipline. They identified that kind of context as a cornerstone that elicits behaviours of the individual which contribute to an organisation's self-renewal, allowing the organisation to be vigorous and energetic.[14]
In his final article with theAcademy of Management Learning and Education published in 2005, Ghoshal attributed the recent downward trend of organization practices are a reflection of how research and studies are carried out in the field of business and managements. Ghoshal explains that by promoting theories driven by a particular ideology that lacks moral grounding, business schools have inadvertently absolved their students from ethical accountability. Ghoshal is in the school of thoughts that management theorists should not treat the study of business as physical science because field of business management and physical science are fundamentally different.[15]
Ghoshal died March 3, 2004, at aLondon hospital after a 11-day battle with double brain hemorrhage.[2][16]Julian Birkinshaw, a fellow professor at theLondon Business School, remembered Ghoshal's warning that large organizations could lose their legitimacy unless they actively contribute positively to the world. While paying tribute to Ghoshal,Birkinshaw highlighted Ghoshal's revolutionary approach to traditional management principles. Ghoshal advocated for a compassionate corporate culture that empowered individual workers, viewing them as entrepreneurs, fundamental to any organization. Many of his colleagues saw him as a pleasant unorthodox thinker, consistently challenging prevailing theories and emphasizing the significance of the individual entrepreneur in corporate life. Ghoshal was married to his wife Sushmita, with whom they had two sons Anand and Siddharth.[17] After his death in 2004,The Economist published an article where they described him as a man of boundless energy and inventfullness.[7]
Ghoshal's treatment of management issues at the level of the individual led him to conclude that management theory that focuses on the economic aspects of man to the exclusion of all others is incorrect at best. According to him, "A theory that assumes that managers cannot be relied upon byshareholders can make managers less reliable."[18]
Such theory, Ghoshal warned, would become aself-fulfilling prophecy, a particularly stinging critique of the output of a majority of his colleagues in business schools that made him controversial. To his death, his fight was against the "narrow idea" that led to today's management theory being "undersocialized and one-dimensional, a parody of the human condition more appropriate to a prison or a madhouse than an institution which should be a force for good."[19]
Ghoshal published 10 books, over 70 articles, and several award-winning case studies. Books, a selection:
Articles, a selection:
