Στόβοι | |
 Aerial view of main excavation area | |
  Shown within North Macedonia | |
| Alternative name | Stoboi |
|---|---|
| Location | Gradsko,Vardar Statistical Region,Republic of North Macedonia |
| Region | Paeonia |
| Coordinates | 41°33′06″N21°58′30″E / 41.55167°N 21.97500°E /41.55167; 21.97500 |
| Type | Settlement |
Stobi orStoboi (Ancient Greek:Στόβοι,romanized: Stóboi;Latin:Stobi;Macedonian:Стоби;[1]Albanian:Stobi), was an ancient town ofPaeonia, later conquered byMacedon, and finally turned into the capital of theRoman province ofMacedonia Salutaris.[2] It is located nearGradsko,North Macedonia, on the main road that leads from theDanube to theAegean Sea and is considered by many to be the most famous archaeological site in North Macedonia. Stobi was built where theErigon (Crna River) joins theAxios (Vardar), making it strategically important as a center for both trade and warfare.
Stobi developed from a Paeonian settlement established in theArchaic period. Located on the northern side of a terrace, the early town covered an area of about 25,000 m2 (270,000 sq ft). Its proximity to the junction of the Erigón and Axiós Rivers as well as its position in the fertile central Vardar valley allowed it quickly to develop a flourishing economy and to establish trade. NearbyMount Klepa was a lucrative source of marble. The initial Paeonian population was later supplemented by other immigrant groups.
It is believed that in 217 BCE,Philip V annexed Paionia during his campaign against theDardani who had enteredBylazora, the largest Paeonian town.
The city was first mentioned in writing by the historianLivy, in connection with a victory ofPhilip V of Macedon over theDardani in 197 BC. In 168 BC, theRomans defeatedPerseus andMacedonia was divided into four nominally independent republics. In 148 BC, the four areas of Macedonia were brought together in a unified Roman province. In the reign ofAugustus the city grew in size and population. The city grew further in 69 BC once it became amunicipium, at which time it began to produce coins printed withMunicipium Stobensium. The citizens of Stobi enjoyedIus Italicum and were citizens of Rome. Most belonged to the Roman tribesAemila andTromentina. During Roman times Stobi was the capital of the Roman province Macedonia Salutaris. EmperorTheodosius I stayed in Stobi in 388. Late in the 5th century the city underwent a terrible turn of events. In 479, it wassacked byTheodoric, anOstrogothic king. The citizens reconstructed the city, but in 518 it was struck by a powerful earthquake. Avaro-Slavic invasions in the 6th century destroyed the city's economy and infrastructure.
The nameStobi is thought to have been aPaeonian word meaning "post, pillar" and is akin toOld Prussianstabis "rock,"Old Church Slavonicstoborъ,stъlbъ "post, pillar," Englishstaff,Old Englishstapol "post archaic Greekstobos "scolding, bad languagebkstephein "to tie around, encircle,"staphyle "grapevine, grape bunch," andMiddle Irishsab "shaft."[3] Such a name suggests that it was the site of a large local cultic pillar, though there is no evidence of this.
The Museum of Belgrade was the first and only institution to investigate the city from 1924 to 1936. Yugoslavian archaeologists first discovered public and private buildings in the city and then the city's theater, built in the 3rd century, and religious artifacts from the central and western part of the city. Research into the city officially ended in 1940. DuringWorld War II lateHellenistic graves were found in the Palace of Peristerius, many of which had been covered by buildings. In 1970, between the North and Central Basilica and in the western necropolis 55 graves were discovered. In 1955 in the southern part of the North Basilica 23 Slavic graves dating from the 9th to 12th centuries were discovered. Bronze statues from the archaic andclassical periods as well as ceramic objects from theNeolithic era were discovered in the two parts of the civilbasilica. An older part of the second synagogue was discovered in the Central Basilica, as well as architectonic structures and 23 Slavic graves in the North Basilica. The most significant finds were uncovered between 1970 and 1980 byYugoslav andAmerican archaeologists. In this period more buildings were discovered and new expeditions in the western necropolis, theCasa Romana and in theaqueduct network of Stobi revealed more mosaics. From 1981 to 1988 the Episcopal Basilica was unearthed. These investigations confirmed predictions concerning the religion, culture and daily life of its population.
A well-preserved marble head of Augustus was unearthed at Stobi in April 2009.[4]
The ethnonymAlbanos, likely a reference toAlbanians, was found on a funeral inscription from ancient Stobi in present-dayNorth Macedonia, near Gradsko about 90 km to the southeast ofGorno Sonje. The inscription in ancient Greek reads "ΦΛ(ΑΒΙΩ) ΑΛΒΑΝΩ ΤΩ ΤΕΚΝΩ ΑΙΜΙΛΙΑΝΟΣ ΑΛΒΑΝΟ(Σ) ΜΝΗΜ(Η)Σ [ΧΑΡΗΝ]" ("In memory of Flavios Albanos, his son Aemilianos Albanos"). It dates to the 2nd/3rd century AD.[5]
The Grand Palace near the eastern wall of the city was built during the Roman period and contains beautifulfrescoes. The Temple ofNemesis in the theater, and religious items related toHygeia andTelesphorus,Artemis Locheia,Apollo Clarious,Jupiter,Dionysus andHera were common during this time. In the early Christian period Stobi was an episcopal see by 325, when the bishop Budius took part in theFirst Council of Nicaea. Stobi is one of a small number of cities from thelate antique and early Christian period that kept a large number of mosaics. From the 4th to 5th century, several big churches were built and were known for their interior decoration of mosaics and frescoes. Decorative mosaics can also be found in private luxury buildings from late Antiquity, such as the Villas of Theodosius, Policharmosius and Peristerius. New archaeological research has shown that all Christian basilicas in the city discovered thus far were built over ancient buildings.
An ancientsynagogue dating from the 3rd or 4th century AD attests to aJewish presence in the city.[6] By the close of the 4th century, this synagogue was demolished and replaced by a Christian basilica.[7]
TheNorthern Basilica has three main parts: anarthex, anexonarthex separated by colonnades and anatrium constructed mostly of marble. In the northern part there is abaptistry and in the southern part are Slavic graves. The church, which was built at the beginning of the 5th century, can be entered from the streetVia Principalis Inferior. The Civil Basilica is south of the north basilica and was discovered in 1937. In 1956 archaeologists found that there were seven building phases. Between the North and Civil Basilicas are the ancient Thermae Minores, or "Little Baths" made of stone blocks.
TheCentral Basilica andsynagogue can be entered from the Via Principalis street. The Central Basilica was built on a synagogue at the beginning of the 5th century and had two building phases. The floor of the synagogue was discovered 1.5 m (4.9 ft) under the level of the Central Basilica. Dating from the 4th century, it was built on an older synagogue from the 3rd century, created by the father of the Synagogue of Stobi, Tiberius Claudius Polycharmos. Inside were two vases dating from 121 to 125.
TheHouse of the Psalms, in front of the Central Basilica, has a central room with a mosaic floor, a room with colonnades, a big pool and columns in the western part of the yard.
Via Axia is one of the main streets in Stobi, oriented east-west. Only a small part of the street has been discovered.
TheMain Town Public Fountain is located on a small square created by the streets Via Axia and Via Principalis Inferior.
TheMagnae Thermae, or Big Bath, discovered in 1931, consisted of two rooms: one large room with a statue and a pool made of stone blocks. The reconstructed bath was in use until the late 6th century.
Via Principalis Inferior was a major street of the city running from the central basilica to the main town fountain, then to house of Partenius, the 'Palace of Theodosius' and the house of Psalms.
TheHouse of Peristerius was a large living complex for several families and also had rooms for shops. The Peristerius family owned the rooms in the southern part of the complex. The central part of this complex is a yard under open sky, with fountains on the western side. In the eastern part is an excellent example of floor mosaics and in the middle there is a fountain made of marble. The complex and the mosaics date from the late 4th or the early 5th century. TheVia Theodosia street is parallel to Via Axia and it is located between the house of Peristerius and the 'palace of Theodosius'.
ThePalace of Theodosius was where the emperor Theodosius first stayed while in Stobi. The floor is covered with marble blocks and the peristyle with mosaics in the techniqueopus sectile. The other rooms are also decorated, dating from the 4th to the 5th century.
TheHouse of Partenius is located near the southern part of the Palace of Theodosius, and is connected to it by a wall making it into an L-shaped building.
Valavica (Domus Fullonica) is a complex of connected shops and residences, built on older objects. The name describes only an earlier phase of the complex, as later in the 5th century there was also a workshop for painting and making carpets. The complex was in use from the 1st century to the 6th century.
TheEpiscopal Basilica, dating from the 5th and 6th centuries, with a baptistery to the south. A peacock from the baptistery's mosaic floor is depicted on thereverse of the Macedonian 10denars banknote, issued in 1996,[8] and of the 10 denars coin, issued in 2008.[9]
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