New York was one of the originalThirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States. The area of present-day New York had been inhabited by tribes of theAlgonquians and theIroquois ConfederacyNative Americans for several thousand years by the time the earliest Europeans arrived.[13] Stemming fromHenry Hudson's expedition in 1609,[14] theDutch established the multiethnic colony ofNew Netherland in 1621.England seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it theProvince of New York.[15] During theAmerican Revolutionary War, a group of colonists eventually succeeded in establishing independence, and the state ratified the then newUnited States Constitution in 1788. From the early 19th century, New York's development of its interior, beginning with the construction of theErie Canal, gave it incomparable advantages over other regions of the United States.[16] The state built its political, cultural, and economic ascendancy over the next century, earning it the nickname of the "Empire State". Althoughdeindustrialization eroded a portion of the state's economy in the second half of the 20th century, New York in the 21st century continues to be considered as a global node ofcreativity andentrepreneurship,[17]social tolerance,[18] andenvironmental sustainability.[19][20]
Many of the Wampanoag and Mohican peoples were caught up inKing Philip's War, a joint effort of manyNew England tribes to push Europeans off their land. After the death of their leader, Chief PhilipMetacomet, most of those peoples fled inland, splitting into theAbenaki and theSchaghticoke. Many of the Mohicans remained in the region until the 1800s,[44] however, a small group known as the Ouabano migrated southwest intoWest Virginia at an earlier time. They may have merged with theShawnee.[45][46]
The Mohawk and Susquehannock were the mostmilitaristic. Trying to corner trade with the Europeans, they targeted other tribes. The Mohawk were also known for refusing white settlement on their land and discriminating against any of their people who converted toChristianity.[47] They posed a major threat to the Abenaki and Mohicans, while the Susquehannock briefly conquered the Lenape in the 1600s. The most devastating event of the century, however, was theBeaver Wars.
From approximately 1640–1680, the Iroquois peoples waged campaigns which extended from modern-day Michigan to Virginia against Algonquian and Siouan tribes, as well as each other. The aim was to control more land for animaltrapping,[48] a career most natives had turned to in hopes of trading with whites first. This completely changed the ethnography of the region, and most large game was hunted out before whites ever fully explored the land. Still, afterward, the Iroquois Confederacy offered shelter to refugees of theMascouten, Erie,Chonnonton,Tutelo,Saponi, andTuscarora nations. The Tuscarora became the sixth nation of the Iroquois in around 1720.[49]
In the 1700s, Iroquoian peoples would take in the remaining Susquehannock of Pennsylvania after they were decimated in theFrench and Indian War.[50] Most of these other groups assimilated and eventually ceased to exist as separate tribes. Then, after theAmerican Revolution, a large group of Seneca split off and returned to Ohio, becoming known as theMingo Seneca. The current Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Tuscarora and Mohawk. The Iroquois fought for both sides during theRevolutionary War; afterwards many pro-British Iroquois migrated to Canada. Today, the Iroquois still live in several enclaves across New York and Ontario.[51][52][53][54]
Meanwhile, the Lenape formed a close relationship withWilliam Penn. However, upon Penn's death, his sons managed to take over much of their lands and banish them to Ohio.[55] When the U.S. drafted theIndian Removal Act, the Lenape were further moved to Missouri, whereas their cousins, the Mohicans, were sent to Wisconsin.
Also, in 1778, the United States relocated theNanticoke from theDelmarva Peninsula to the former Iroquois lands south of Lake Ontario, though they did not stay long. Mostly, they chose to migrate into Canada and merge with the Iroquois, although some moved west and merged with the Lenape.[56]
In 1524,Giovanni da Verrazzano, anItalian explorer in the service of theFrench crown, explored theAtlantic coast ofNorth America between theCarolinas andNewfoundland, includingNew York Harbor andNarragansett Bay. On April 17, 1524, Verrazzano enteredNew York Bay,[57][58] by way of the strait now calledthe Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita, in honor of the King of France'ssister. Verrazzano described it as "a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass" and he adds: "that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats." He landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazzano's stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towardsMartha's Vineyard.[59]
In 1540, French traders from New France built achateau onCastle Island, within present-day Albany; it was abandoned the following year due to flooding. In 1614, the Dutch, under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, which they calledFort Nassau.[60] Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse. Located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617,[61] and abandoned for good afterFort Orange (New Netherland) was built nearby in 1623.[62]
Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement in the area. Sailing for theDutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered theUpper New York Bay on September 11 of that year.[63] Word of his findings encouraged Dutch merchants to explore the coast in search of profitable fur trading with local Native American tribes.
During the 17th century, Dutchtrading posts established for the trade of pelts from the Lenape, Iroquois, and other tribes were founded in the colony ofNew Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614, near present-dayAlbany);[60] Fort Orange (1624, on theHudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlementBeverwijck (1647), and into what became Albany;Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the townNew Amsterdam, which is present-day New York City); and Esopus (1653, nowKingston). The success of thepatroonship ofRensselaerswyck (1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid-19th century, was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The English captured the colony during theSecond Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as theProvince of New York. The city of New York was recaptured by the Dutch in 1673 during theThird Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674) and renamed New Orange. It was returned to the English under the terms of theTreaty of Westminster a year later.[64]
Approximately a third of the battles of theAmerican Revolutionary War took place in New York; the first major one and largest of the entire war was theBattle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn, in August 1776. After their victory, the British occupied present-day New York City, making it their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the focus of GeneralGeorge Washington'sintelligence network. On the notorious Britishprison ships ofWallabout Bay, more American combatants died than were killed in combat in every battle of the war combined. Both sides of combatants lost more soldiers to disease than to outright wounds. The first of two major British armies were captured by theContinental Army at theBattle of Saratoga in 1777,[68] a success that influencedFrance to ally with the revolutionaries; the state constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify theUnited States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.
In an attempt to retain theirsovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States andBritish North America, four of theIroquois Nations fought on the side of the British; only theOneida and their dependents, the Tuscarora, allied themselves with the Americans.[69] In retaliation for attacks on the frontier led byJoseph Brant and LoyalistMohawk forces, theSullivan Expedition of 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages, adjacent croplands and winter stores, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara.[70]
As allies of the British, the Iroquois were forced out of New York, although they had not been part of treaty negotiations. They resettled in Canada after the war and were given land grants by the Crown. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made a treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval, some of the land purchases have been subject to land claim suits since the late 20th century by the federally recognized tribes. New York put up more than 5 million acres (20,000 km2) of former Iroquois territory for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in Upstate New York.[71] As per theTreaty of Paris, the last vestige of British authority in the formerThirteen Colonies—their troops in New York City—departed in 1783, which was long afterward celebrated asEvacuation Day.[72]
New York City was the national capital under theArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the first national government. That organization was found to be inadequate, and prominent New YorkerAlexander Hamilton advocated for a new government that would include an executive, national courts, and the power to tax. Hamilton led theAnnapolis Convention (1786) that called for thePhiladelphia Convention, which drafted the United States Constitution, in which he also took part. The new government was to be a strongfederal national government to replace the relatively weakerconfederation of individual states. Following heated debate, which included the publication ofThe Federalist Papers as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify theUnited States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.[73]
Transportation inWestern New York was by expensive wagons on muddy roads before canals opened up the rich farmlands to long-distance traffic. GovernorDeWitt Clinton promoted theErie Canal, which connectedNew York City to theGreat Lakes by theHudson River, the new canal, and the rivers and lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and theErie Canal opened eight years later, in 1825.Packet boats pulled by horses on tow paths traveled slowly over the canal carrying passengers and freight.[76] Farm products came in from theMidwest, and finished manufactured goods moved west. It was an engineering marvel which opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such asBuffalo andRochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on theGreat Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York. After 1850, railroads largely replaced the canal.[77]
New York City was a majorocean port and had extensive traffic importing cotton from theSouth and exporting manufacturing goods. Nearly half of the state's exports were related to cotton. Southern cotton factors, planters and bankers visited so often that they had favorite hotels.[78] At the same time, activism forabolitionism was strong upstate, where some communities provided stops on theUnderground Railroad. Upstate, and New York City, gave strong support for theAmerican Civil War, in terms of finances, volunteer soldiers, and supplies. The state provided more than 370,000 soldiers to theUnion armies. Over 53,000 New Yorkers died in service, roughly one of every seven who served. However, Irish draft riots in 1862 were a significant embarrassment.[79][80]
Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock onEllis Island in May 1906
Since the early 19th century, New York City has been the largestport of entry forlegal immigration into the United States. In the United States, thefederal government did not assume direct jurisdiction for immigration until 1890. Prior to this time, the matter was delegated to the individual states, then via contract between the states and the federal government. Most immigrants to New York would disembark at the bustling docks along the Hudson andEast Rivers, in the eventualLower Manhattan. On May 4, 1847, theNew York State Legislature created the Board of Commissioners of Immigration to regulate immigration.[81]
The first permanent immigration depot in New York was established in 1855 atCastle Garden, a convertedWar of 1812 era fort located within what is nowBattery Park, at the tip of Lower Manhattan. The first immigrants to arrive at the new depot were aboard three ships that had just been released fromquarantine. Castle Garden served as New York's immigrant depot until it closed on April 18, 1890, when the federal government assumed control over immigration. During that period, more than eight million immigrants passed through its doors (two of every three U.S. immigrants).[82]
When the federal government assumed control, it established theBureau of Immigration, which chose the three-acre (1.2 ha) Ellis Island inUpper New York Harbor for an entry depot. Already federally controlled, the island had served as an ammunition depot. It was chosen due its relative isolation with proximity to New York City and the rail lines ofJersey City, New Jersey, via a short ferry ride. While the island was being developed and expanded vialand reclamation, the federal government operated a temporary depot at the Barge Office at the Battery.[83]
Ellis Island opened on January 1, 1892, and operated as a central immigration center until theNational Origins Act was passed in 1924, reducing immigration. After that date, the only immigrants to pass through weredisplaced persons or warrefugees. The island ceased all immigration processing on November 12, 1954, when the last person detained on the island,Norwegian seaman Arne Peterssen, was released. He had overstayed his shore leave and left on the 10:15a.m. Manhattan-bound ferry to return to his ship.
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954. More than 100 million Americans across the United States can trace theirancestry to these immigrants. Ellis Island was the subject of a contentious and long-running border and jurisdictional dispute between the State of New York and the State of New Jersey, as both claimed it. The issue was officially settled in 1998 by theU.S. Supreme Court which ruled that the original 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) island was New York state territory and that the balance of the 27.5 acres (11 ha) added after 1834 by landfill was in New Jersey.[84] In May 1964, Ellis Island was added to theNational Park Service by PresidentLyndon B. Johnson and is still owned by the federal government as part of theStatue of Liberty National Monument. In 1990, Ellis Island was opened to the public as a museum of immigration.[85]
On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the originalWorld Trade Center inLower Manhattan, andthe towers collapsed.7 World Trade Center also collapsed due to damage from fires. The other buildings of the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and demolished soon thereafter. The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage and resulted in the deaths of 2,753 victims, including 147 aboard the two planes. Since September11, most of Lower Manhattan has been restored. In the years since, over 7,000 rescue workers and residents of the area have developed several life-threatening illnesses, and some have died.[86][87]
On October 29 and 30, 2012,Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction of the state's shorelines, ravaging portions of New York City,Long Island, and southern Westchester with record-highstorm surge, with severe flooding and high winds causingpower outages for hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, and leading togasoline shortages and disruption ofmass transit systems. The storm and its profound effects have prompted the discussion of constructingseawalls and othercoastal barriers around the shorelines of New York City and Long Island to minimize the risk from another such future event. Such risk is considered highly probable due toglobal warming andrising sea levels.[89][90]
From May 19–20, Western New York and theCapital Region entered Phase1 of reopening.[92][93] On May 26, the Hudson Valley began Phase1,[94] and New York City partially reopened on June 8.[95]
During July 2020, a federal judge ruled GovernorAndrew Cuomo and MayorBill de Blasio exceeded authority by limiting religious gatherings to 25% when others operated at 50% capacity.[96][97][98] On Thanksgiving Eve, the U.S. Supreme Court blocked additional religious restrictions imposed by Cuomo for areas with high infection rates.[99]
Upstate andDownstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of the State of New York. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.[103] Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include from the Southern Tier, which includes many of the counties along the border with Pennsylvania,[104] to theNorth Country region, above or sometimes including parts of the Adirondack region.[105]
TheHudson River begins nearLake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state, without draining LakesGeorge orChamplain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into theRichelieu River and then ultimately theSaint Lawrence River. The western section of the state is drained by theAllegheny River and rivers of theSusquehanna andDelaware River systems.Niagara Falls is shared between New York and Ontario as it flows on the Niagara River from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey,Pennsylvania,Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system.[107]
Under theKöppen climate classification, most of New York has ahumid continental climate, though New York City and Long Island have ahumid subtropical climate.[108] Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest. Downstate New York (comprising New York City, Long Island, and lower portions of the Hudson Valley) have rather hot summers with some periods of high humidity and cold, damp winters which are relatively mild compared to temperatures in Upstate New York, due to the downstate region's lower elevation, proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, and relatively lowerlatitude.
Upstate New York experiences warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions, with long and cold winters. Western New York, particularly the Tug Hill region, receives heavylake-effect snows, especially during the earlier portions of winter, before the surface of Lake Ontario itself is covered by ice. The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills, and at higher elevations of the Southern Tier. Buffalo and its metropolitan area are described as climate change havens for their weather pattern in Western New York.[109][110][111][112]
Summer daytime temperatures range from the high 70s to low 80s°F (25 to 28°C), over most of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5 °F (−15 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands of the Southern Tier. New York had a record-high temperature of 108°F (42.2°C) on July 22, 1926, in theAlbany area.[113] Its record-lowest temperature during the winter was −52°F (−46.7°C) in 1979.[113]Governors Island, Manhattan, inNew York Harbor, is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center poised to make New York the global leader in addressing theclimate crisis.[114]
Due to its long history, New York has several overlapping and often conflicting definitions of regions within the state. The regions are also not fully definable due to the colloquial use of regional labels. TheNew York State Department of Economic Development provides two distinct definitions of these regions. It divides the state into ten economic regions,[119] which approximately correspond to terminology used by residents:
New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves.Niagara Falls State Park, established in 1885, is the oldest state park in the United States and the first to be created viaeminent domain.[122][123] In 1892,Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state ofVermont and the largest state park in the United States,[124] was established and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The park is larger thanYellowstone,Everglades,Glacier, andGrand Canyon national parks combined.[124][125] TheCatskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,[126] which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of land,[126] the park is a habitat for deer,minks, and fishers. There are some 400black bears living in the region.[127] The state operates numerous campgrounds, and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.
TheAfrican Burial Ground National Monument inLower Manhattan is the only national monument dedicated to Americans of African ancestry. It preserves a site containing the remains of more than 400Africans buried during the late 17th and 18th centuries in a portion of what was the largest colonial-era cemetery for people of African descent, both free and enslaved, with an estimated tens of thousands of remains interred. The site's excavation and study were called "the most important historic urban archeological project in the United States."[129]
Gateway National Recreation Area is more than 26,000 acres (10,522 ha) of water,salt marsh,wetlands, islands, and shoreline at the entrance to New York Harbor,[131] the majority of which lies within New York. Including areas on Long Island and in New Jersey, it covers more area than that of two Manhattan islands.
As of 2022, New York is divided into 62counties.[137] Aside from the five counties of New York City, each of these counties is subdivided intotowns andcities, incorporated under state law. Towns can contain incorporatedvillages or unincorporatedhamlets. New York City is divided into fiveboroughs, each coterminous with a county. The major cities of the state developed along the key transportation andtrade routes of the early 19th century, including theErie Canal and railroads paralleling it. TheNew York Thruway acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.[138]Downstate New York (New York City,Long Island, and the southern portion of theHudson Valley) can be considered to form the central core of theNortheast megalopolis, an urbanized region stretching fromNew Hampshire toVirginia.
New York contains 62 administrative divisions termed cities. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (each coextensive with aborough):Bronx, New York County (Manhattan),Queens, Kings County (Brooklyn), and Richmond County (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.Albany, the state capital, is the sixth-largest city in the State of New York. The smallest city isSherrill, New York, inOneida County.Hempstead is the most populoustown in the state; if it were a city, it would be the second-largest in the State of New York, with more than 700,000 residents. New York contains 13metropolitan areas, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.[139] Major metro areas include New York City,Buffalo,Rochester, theCapital District (Albany,Schenectady, andTroy),Poughkeepsie,Syracuse,Utica, andBinghamton.
Among New York state's population of 19.5 million, 11 million, or 56 percent, are inNew York City orLong Island
New York was the most populous state in the U.S. from the 1810s until 1962. As of 2024, it is the nation's fourth-most populous state behindCalifornia,Texas, andFlorida. Growth has been distributed unevenly. TheNew York metropolitan area and theCapital District (particularlySaratoga County) have been growing robustly overall, while theBuffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area,Rochester,Syracuse, and other population centers have been losing residents or have been stagnant for decades before resuming growth more recently.[142] New York City gained 223,615 residents between April 2010 and July 2018, representing the greatest population increase of any U.S. city.[143]
According toimmigration statistics, the state is a leading recipient of migrants from around the globe. In 2008 New York had the second-largest international immigrant population in the country among U.S. states, at 4.2million; most reside in and around New York City, due to its size, high profile, vibrant economy, andcosmopolitan culture. New York has asanctuary city law.[144]
TheUnited States Census Bureau tabulated in the2020 census that the population of New York was 20,215,751 on April 1, 2020, a 4.3% increase since the2010 census.[10][145] Despite the abundance of open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area,[146] predominantly in the New York City metropolitan area.
Two-thirds of the state's population resides in theNew York metropolitan area. New York City, with approximately 44% of the state's population, is the most populous city in the United States,[147] with an estimated record high population of 8,622,698 in 2017,[148] incorporating more immigration into the city than emigration since the 2010 United States census.[149] More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city,Los Angeles,[150] and within a smaller area.Long Island alone accounted for a census-estimated 7,838,722 residents in 2015, representing nearly 40% of the State of New York's population.[148][151][152][153][154] Of the total statewide population, 6.5% of New Yorkers were under five years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older.
According to the 2000 census, Italian, Irish, German, African American and English were the most common ancestries.[159]
The state's historically most populous racial group, non-Hispanic White people, declined as a proportion of the state population from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.[160][161] As of 2011[update], 55.6% of New York's population younger than age1 were minorities.[162] New York's robustly increasingJewish population, the largest outside ofIsrael,[163] was the highest among states both by percentage and by absolute number in 2012.[164] It is driven by the high reproductive rate ofOrthodox Jewish families,[165] particularly inBrooklyn and communities of theHudson Valley.
New York is home to thesecond-largest Asian American population and thefourth-largest Black or African American population in the United States. New York's Black and African population increased by 2.0% between 2000 and 2010, to 3,073,800.[166] In 2019, the Black and African American population increased to an estimated 3,424,002. The Black or African American population is in a state of flux, as New York is the largest recipient of immigrants fromAfrica,[167] while established Blacks and African Americans are migrating out of New York to thesouthern United States.[168] The New York City neighborhood ofHarlem has historically been a major cultural capital for Blacks and African Americans of sub-Saharan descent, andBedford-Stuyvesant in Brooklyn has the largest such population in the United States. Meanwhile, New York's Asian population increased by a notable 36% from 2000 to 2010, to 1,420,244;[166] in 2019, its population grew to an estimated 1,579,494.Queens, in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian American population and is the mostethnically diverse county in the United States and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[169][170]
New York's growing Hispanic and Latino American population numbered 3,416,922 in 2010,[171] a 19% increase from the 2,867,583 enumerated in 2000.[172] In 2020, it numbered an estimated 3,811,000. Queens is home to the largestAndean (Colombian,Ecuadorian,Peruvian, andBolivian) populations in the United States. In addition, New York has the largestPuerto Rican,Dominican, andJamaican American populations in the continental United States. TheChinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in the State of New York, which is the top destination for new Chinese immigrants, and large-scaleChinese immigration continues into the state.[167][173][174][175][176] Multiplesatellites of the originalManhattan Chinatown, inBrooklyn, and aroundFlushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburbanNassau County,[177] onLong Island.[178] Long Island, including Queens and Nassau County, is also home to severalLittle Indias and a largeKoreatown, with large and growing attendant populations ofIndian Americans andKorean Americans, respectively. Brooklyn has been a destination forWest Indian immigrants of African descent, as well as Asian Indian immigrants. The annual New York City India Day Parade, held on or approximately every August 15 since 1981, is the world's largestIndian Independence Day parade outside of India.[179]
In the 2000 U.S. census, New York had the largestItalian American population, composing the largest self-identified ancestral group inStaten Island and Long Island, followed byIrish Americans. Albany and theMohawk Valley also have large communities of ethnic Italians and Irish Americans, reflecting 19th and early 20th-century immigration. According to the 2011–2015American Community Survey, New York also had the largestGreek American population, enumerating 148,637 individuals (0.7% of the state).[180] InBuffalo and Western New York,German Americans comprise the largest ancestry. In theNorth Country of New York,French Canadians represent the leading ethnicity, given the area's proximity toQuebec. Americans ofEnglish ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York, reflecting early colonial and later immigrants. There is also aRomani (Gypsy) community in New York.[181]Scottish Americans are also present in the state.[182]Mexican Americans are one of the largest Latino groups in New York.[183]
In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that 69.5% of New York's population aged 5 years and older only spokeEnglish, with 30.6% speaking a language other than English.Spanish remained the second most spoken non-English language with 2,758,925 speakers. OtherIndo-European languages were spoken by 1,587,798 residents, and Asian and Pacific Islander languages were spoken by 948,959 people.[189]
At the American Community Survey's 2017 estimates, nearly six million residents spoke a language other than English. Approximately 1,249,541 New York residents spoke Spanish, 386,290Chinese, 122,150Russian, 63,615Haitian Creole, 62,219Bengali, and 60,405Korean.[190][188] In 2018, 12,756,975 aged 5years and older spoke English alone and 10,415,395 aged 18 and older only spoke English. Spanish-speaking households by majority were not limited to English-speaking.[191] An estimated 2.7million households with residents aged5 and older spoke Spanish. Chinese, Slavic, andFrench languages were the following largest household languages spoken in 2018.[192]
In 2010, 70.72% (12,788,233) of New York residents aged five and older reported speaking only English at home, while 14.44% (2,611,903) spoke Spanish, 2.61% (472,955) Chinese (which includesCantonese andMandarin), 1.20% (216,468) Russian, 1.18% (213,785)Italian, 0.79% (142,169)French Creole, 0.75% (135,789) French, 0.67% (121,917)Yiddish, 0.63% (114,574) Korean, andPolish was spoken by 0.53% (95,413) of the population over the age of five. In total, 29.28% (5,295,016) of New York's population aged five and older reported speaking a language other than English.[188]
As of 2013, roughly 3.8 percent of the state's adult population self-identifies aslesbian,gay,bisexual, ortransgender, constituting a total LGBT adult population in the state of 570,388 individuals.[198] In 2010, the number of same-sex couple households stood at roughly 48,932.[199] New York legalizedsame-sex marriage on July 24, 2011; one of the first U.S. states to have done so.[200]
New York City has been described as thegay capital of the world and the central node of the LGBTQ+sociopolitical ecosystem, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBTQ populations and the most prominent.[201] In July 2012,Michael Bloomberg,Mayor of New York City from 2002 to 2013, said "same-sex marriages in New York City had generated an estimated $259million in economic impact and $16million in City revenues" in the first year after enactment of the Marriage Equality Act.[202] New York City is home to the nation's largesttransgender population, estimated at 25,000 as of 2016.[203] The annualNYC Pride March, the largest pride parade inNorth America held annually in June, traverses downFifth Avenue in Manhattan and ends inGreenwich Village.[204]
TheStonewall National Monument, anational monument, commemorates the Stonewall riots. In June 2017, plans were announced for the first monument to LGBT individuals commissioned by the State of New York and planned to be built inHudson River Park in Manhattan, near the Hudson River waterfront.[210][211]
Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots and was thelargest LGBTQ+ pride event in world history, attracting four million attendees in New York City.[212] The Brooklyn Liberation March, the largesttransgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching fromGrand Army Plaza to theFort Greene section of Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[213][214]
In 2014, thePew Research Center released a study of New York's religious population, which found that majority, 60%, areChristian. Christians are followed by the irreligious (27%),Judaism (7%),Islam (2%),Buddhism and Hinduism (1% each), and other faiths (0.5%).[216] Through another study by thePublic Religion Research Institute in 2020, the majority of New York's religious or spiritual population were 67% Christian, followed by the irreligious (22%), Judaism (4%), Islam (2%), Buddhism and Hinduism (1% each), and other faiths (1%).[217]
Prior to the 1800s,Protestant denominations dominated the religious life of New York, although religion did not play as large a role in the public life of colonial-eraNew Netherland as it did inNew England, with its Puritan population.[218] Historically, New York served as the foundation fornew Christian denominations in theSecond Great Awakening. Non-Western Christian traditions and non-Christian religions did not grow for much of the state's history because immigration was predominantly fromWestern Europe (favored by the quotas in federal immigration law). TheImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religious groups.
According to the Pew Research Center, non-Christian religions account for 12% of New York state's population.[216] Judaism is the second-largest religion as of 2014 and 2020. In 2010, 588,500 practicedOrthodox Judaism.[219] A little over 392,953 professed Islam. ThePowers Street Mosque in New York City was the state's first Muslim organization.[220] New York is also home to the oldestZoroastrianfire temple in the nation.[221] Less than 1% of New York's population practiceNew Age andcontemporary paganism.Native American religions are also a minority religion.[216] Statewide, 17% were not religiously practicing, 5% identified as agnostic, and 5% asatheist.
Many of the world's largestmedia conglomerates are also based in the city.Manhattan contained approximately 520million square feet (48.1million m2) of office space in 2013,[232] making it the largest office market in the United States,[233] whileMidtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the world.[234]
In December 2014, the State of New York announced a US$50million venture-capital fund to encourage enterprises working in biotechnology andadvanced materials; according to former GovernorAndrew Cuomo, theseed money would facilitateentrepreneurs in bringing their research into the marketplace.[237]
New York City'sartificial intelligence (AI) sector alone raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022.[240] In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and achatbot to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.[241]
Creative industries, which are concerned with generating and distributingknowledge andinformation, such as new media, digital media,film andtelevision production, advertising, fashion, design, and architecture, account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.[252] As of 2014[update], the State of New York was offering tax incentives of up to $420million annually forfilmmaking within the state, the most generous suchtax rebate among U.S. states. New York has also attracted higher-wagevisual-effects employment by further augmenting its tax credit to a maximum of 35% for performingpost-film production work in Upstate New York.[253] The filmedentertainment industry has been growing in New York, contributing nearly $9billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015.[254]
New York exports a wide variety of goods such as prepared foods,computers andelectronics, cutdiamonds, and other commodities. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15billion), theUnited Kingdom ($6billion),Switzerland ($5.9billion),Israel ($4.9billion), andHong Kong ($3.4billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber. The state also has a largemanufacturing sector that includes printing and the production ofgarments, mainly in New York City; and furs, railroad equipment, automobile parts, and bus line vehicles, concentrated in Upstate regions.
New York is the nation's third-largestgrape producing state, and third-largestwine producer by volume, behind California and Washington. The southernFinger Lakes hillsides, the Hudson Valley, theNorth Fork of Long Island, and the southern shore of Lake Erie are the primary grape- and wine-growing regions in New York, with manyvineyards. In 2012, New York had 320wineries and 37,000 grape bearing acres (15,000 ha), generating full-time employment for nearly 25,000 and annual wages over $1.1billion, and yielding $4.8billion in direct economic impact from New York grapes, grape juice, and wine and grape products.[260]
TheNew York agriculture industry is a major producer overall, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products includingmaple syrup, apples, cherries, cabbage,dairy products, onions, and potatoes. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced $3.4billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils andmicroclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, andflounder.[261]
In 2017, the State of New York consumed 156,370gigawatthours (GWh) of electrical energy. Downstate regions (Hudson Valley, New York City, and Long Island) consumed 66% of that amount. Upstate regions produced 50% of that amount. The peak load in 2017 was 29,699 MW. The resource capability in 2017 was 42,839 MW.[262][263] TheNYISO's market monitor described the average all-in wholesale electric price as a range (a single value was not provided) from $25 per MWh to $53 per MWh for 2017.[264]
New York has one of the oldest and most extensive transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering challenges posed by the complex terrain of the state and the unique infrastructural issues of New York City brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome perennially. Population expansion of the state has followed the path of the early waterways, first theHudson River andMohawk River, then theErie Canal. In the 19th century, railroads were constructed along the river valleys, followed by theNew York State Thruway in the 20th century.
TheNew York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering andinspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles, as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008[update], the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.[267][268] All gasoline-powered vehicles registered in the State of New York are required to have anemissions inspection every 12 months, in order to ensure thatenvironmental quality controls are working to prevent air pollution. Diesel-powered vehicles with a gross weight rating over 8,500 pounds that are registered in most Downstate New York counties must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in the State of New York must get an annual safety inspection.
Portions of the transportation system areintermodal, allowing travelers to switch easily from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples isAirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly toterminals atJohn F. Kennedy International Airport and to the underground New York City Subway system.
TheUniversity of the State of New York accredits and sets standards for elementary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while theNew York State Education Department oversees public schools and controls theirstandardized tests. TheNew York City Department of Education manages theNew York City Public Schools system. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination then, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up separate schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[277] During the 2013 fiscal year, New York spent more on public education per pupil than any other state, according toU.S. Census Bureau statistics.[278]
The highest court of appeal in theUnified Court System is theCourt of Appeals whereas the primaryfelonytrial court is theCounty Court (or theSupreme Court in New York City). The New York Supreme Court also acts as the intermediate appellate court for many cases, and the local courts handle a variety of other matters includingsmall claims, traffic ticket cases, and localzoning matters, and are the starting point for all criminal cases.
Thestate is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, all of which aremunicipal corporations with respect to their own governments, as well as various corporate entities that serve single purposes that are also local governments, such as school districts, fire districts, andNew York state public-benefit corporations, frequently known asauthorities ordevelopment corporations. Each municipal corporation is granted varyinghome rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. The state also has 10Indian reservations. There have been several movements regardingsecession from the state of New York. Proposals have included a state ofLong Island, consisting of everything on the island outside New York City; a state called Niagara, thewestern counties of the state of New York; the northern counties of the state of New York calledUpstate New York; making the city of New York a state; a proposal for a newPeconic County on eastern Long Island; and for the borough ofStaten Island to secede from New York City.[282][283]
In a 2020 study, New York was ranked as the 17th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[284]
New York's government released a new seal, coat of arms, and flag in April 2020, adding "E pluribus unum" below the state's motto.[285][286] A bill utilizing newly designed flag, arms and seal went into effect in September.[287]
Revived in the early 2000s,Abolition Commemoration Day, also known as the Fifth of July, is a historic celebration commemorating the abolishment of slavery in New York. In July 2020, theNew York State Assembly passed legislation officially recognizing Abolition Commemoration Day andJuneteenth in New York.[288][289] Abolition Commemoration Day is observed on the second Monday in July and Juneteenth on June 19.[288]
Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under thePataki administration, but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when theNew York Court of Appeals ruled inPeople v. LaValle that it violated thestate constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court tolife imprisonment in 2007, inPeople v. John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from GovernorDavid Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to thefederal death penalty.[290][291][292]
New York is represented byChuck Schumer andKirsten Gillibrand in theUnited States Senate. There aretwenty-six congressional districts, the nation's fourth highest number of congressional districts, behind California's 52, Texas's 38, and Florida's 28.[293] As of 2024, fifteen districts are represented by members of the Democratic Party, while ten are represented by Republicans. Representation was reduced from 27 in 2023 due to the state's slower overall population growth relative to the overall national population growth.[294] New York has 28electoral votes in national presidential elections, a drop from its peak of 47 votes from 1933 to 1953.
The state has a strong imbalance of payments with thefederal government. According to theNew York State Comptroller, the State of New York received 91 cents in services for every $1 it sent in taxes to the U.S. federal government in the 2013fiscal year; New York ranked in 46th place in the federal balance of payments to the state on a per capita basis.[295]
As of April 2016, theDemocrats represented a plurality of voters in the State of New York, constituting more than twice as manyregistered voters as any other political party affiliationor lack thereof.[296] No Republican presidential candidate has won over New York State sinceRonald Reagan's landslide victory in 1984. New York City, as well as the state's other major urban locales, are significant Democratic strongholds. Rural portions of upstate New York, however, are generally more conservative than large cities and tend to favorRepublicans. Heavily populated suburban areas downstate, such as Westchester County and Long Island, were solidly Republican until the 1990s, but have since shifted to primarily supporting the Democratic Party.
New York City is the most important source ofpolitical fundraising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top fiveZIP Codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP Code, 10021 on theUpper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of bothGeorge W. Bush andAl Gore.[297]
New York's strong sports background has influenced local industries such assports betting as well. Due to the high volume of residents, tourists, and sports to bet on, New York became the first state to take in over $2 billion in sports bets in a single month.[301] They also lead all US states in terms of betting handle, totalling $22.70 billion in sports bets accepted during 2024.[302]
New York (state) major league professional sports teams
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^Will Martin and Libertina Brandt (June 14, 2019)."The 21 most influential cities in the world".Business Insider. RetrievedAugust 12, 2023.It's no surprise that New York City, home of Wall Street and the United Nations, is viewed as the world's most important city.
^ab"Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S." Business Insider, Inc. July 31, 2011. RetrievedOctober 28, 2015.For instance, Shanghai, the largest Chinese city with the highest economic production, and a fast-growing global financial hub, is far from matching or surpassing New York, the largest city in the U.S. and the economic and financial super center of the world. "PAL sets introductory fares to New York".Philippine Airlines. Archived fromthe original on March 27, 2015. RetrievedMarch 25, 2015.
^Jones, Huw (January 27, 2020)."New York surges ahead of Brexit-shadowed London in finance: survey".Reuters.Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2020.New York remains the world's top financial center, pushing London further into second place as Brexit uncertainty undermines the UK capital and Asian centers catch up, a survey from consultants Duff & Phelps said on Monday.
^John Heckewelder (Loskiel): Conoys, Ganawese, etc. explains Charles A. Hanna (Vol II, 1911:96, Ganeiens-gaa, Margry, i., 529; ii., 142–43,) using La Salle's letter of August 22, 1681, Fort Saint Louis (Illinois) mentioning "Ohio tribes" for extrapolation.
^Winfield, Nicole (October 20, 2012)."Boy's miracle cure makes 'Lily of the Mohawks' first Native American saint".NBC News. Archived fromthe original on January 25, 2021. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2021.Known as the "Lily of the Mohawks," Kateri was born in 1656 to a pagan Iroquois father and an Algonquin Christian mother in what is today upstate New York. Her parents and only brother died when she was 4 during a smallpox epidemic that left her badly scarred and with impaired eyesight. She went to live with her uncle, a Mohawk, and was baptized Catholic by Jesuit missionaries. But she was ostracized and persecuted by other natives for her faith, and she died in Canada when she was 24.
^Parrott, Zach; Marshall, Tabitha (February 7, 2006)."Iroquois Wars".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2021.
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^Transportation Law § 11. "There shall be in the state government a department of transportation. The head of the department shall be the commissioner of transportation." Accessed July 19, 2015.
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