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Speech balloons (alsospeech bubbles,dialogue balloons, orword balloons) are a graphic convention used most commonly incomic books,comics, andcartoons to allow words (and much less often, pictures) to be understood as representing a character's speech or thoughts. A formal distinction is often made between the balloon that indicates speech and the one that indicates thoughts; the balloon that conveys thoughts is often referred to as athought bubble orconversation cloud.
One of the earliest antecedents to the modern speech bubble were the "speech scrolls", wispy lines that connected first-person speech to the mouths of the speakers inMesoamerican art between 600 and 900 AD.[2]Earlier, paintings, depicting stories in subsequent frames, using descriptive text resembling bubbles-text, were used in murals, one such example written inGreek, dating to the2nd century, found inCapitolias, today inJordan.[3]
In Western graphic art, labels that reveal what a pictured figure is saying have appeared since at least the 13th century. These were in common European use by the early 16th century. Word balloons (also known as "banderoles") began appearing in 18th-century printed broadsides, and political cartoons from theAmerican Revolution (including some published byBenjamin Franklin) often used them—as did cartoonistJames Gillray in Britain.[4][5] They later became disused, but by 1904 had regained their popularity, although they were still considered novel enough to require explanation.[6] With the development of thecomics industry during the 20th century, the appearance of speech balloons has become increasingly standardized, though the formal conventions that have evolved in different cultures (USA as opposed to Japan, for example) can be quite distinct.
In the UK in 1825The Glasgow Looking Glass, regarded as the world's firstcomics magazine, was created by English satirical cartoonistWilliam Heath. Containing the world's first comic strip, it also made it the first to use speech bubbles.
Richard F. Outcault'sYellow Kid is generally credited as the first American comic strip character.[7] His words initially appeared on his yellow shirt, but word balloons very much like those used presently were added almost immediately, as early as 1896. By the start of the 20th century, word balloons were ubiquitous; since that time, few American comic strips and comic books have relied on captions, notablyHal Foster'sPrince Valiant and the earlyTarzan comic strip during the 1930s. In Europe, wheretext comics were more common, the adoption of speech balloons was slower, with well-known examples beingAlain Saint-Ogan'sZig et Puce (1925),Hergé'sThe Adventures of Tintin (1929), andRob-Vel'sSpirou (1938).
Speech balloons are not necessarily popular or well-known in all parts of the world. During theGulf War, an Americanpropaganda leaflet that used a thought bubble proved puzzling to Iraqi soldiers: according to onePSYOP specialist this was because the technique was not known in Iraq, and readers "had no idea whySaddam's head was floating in the air."[8]
The most common is the speech bubble. It is used in two forms for two circumstances: an in-panel character and an off-panel character. An in-panel character (one who is fully or mostly visible in the panel of the strip of comic that the reader is viewing) uses a bubble with a pointer, termed a tail, directed towards the speaker.
When one character has multiple balloons within a panel, often only the balloon nearest to the speaker's head has a tail, and the others are connected to it in sequence by narrow bands. This style is often used inMad Magazine, due to its "call-and-response" dialogue-based humor.
An off-panel character (the comic book equivalent of being "off screen") has several options, some of them rather unconventional. The first is a standard speech bubble with a tail pointing toward the speaker's position (sometimes seen with a symbol at the end to represent specific characters). The second option, which originated inmanga, has the tail pointinginto the bubble, instead of out. (This tail is still pointing towards the speaker.) The third option replaces the tail with a sort of bottleneck that connects with the side of the panel. It can be seen in the works ofMarjane Satrapi (author ofPersepolis).
In comics, a bubble without a tail means that the speaker is not merely outside the reader's field of view, but also invisible to theviewpoint character, often as an unspecified member of a crowd.
Characters distant (in space or time) from the scene of the panel can still speak, in squared bubbles without a tail; this usage, equivalent tovoice-over for movies, is not uncommon in American comics for dramatic contrast. In contrast to captions, the corners of such balloons never coincide with those of the panel; for further distinction, they often have a double outline, a different background color, orquotation marks.
Thought bubbles are used in two forms, the chain thought bubble and the "fuzzy" bubble.
The chain thought bubble is the almost universal symbol for thinking in cartoons. It consists of a large,cloud-like bubble containing the text of the thought, with a chain of increasingly smaller circular bubbles leading to the character. Some artists use an elliptical bubble instead of a cloud-shaped one.
Often, non-human characters such asSnoopy andGarfield "talk" using thought bubbles. They may also be used in circumstances when a character is gagged or otherwise unable to speak.
Another, less conventional thought bubble has emerged: the "fuzzy" thought bubble. Used in manga (by such artists asKen Akamatsu), the fuzzy bubble is roughly circular in shape (generally), but the edge of the bubble is not a line but a collection of spikes close to each other, creating the impression of fuzziness. Fuzzy thought bubbles do not use tails, and are placed near the character who is thinking.
Thought bubbles are sometimes seen as an inefficient method of expressing thought because they are attached directly to the head of the thinker, unlike methods such as caption boxes, which can be used both as an expression of thought and narration while existing in an entirely different panel from the character thinking. However, they are restricted to the current viewpoint character. An example isAlan Moore andDavid Lloyd'sV for Vendetta, wherein during one chapter, a monologue expressed in captions serves not only to express the thoughts of a character but also the mood, status and actions of three others.
The shape of a speech balloon can be used to convey further information. Common ones include the following:
Captions are generally used fornarration purposes, such as showing location and time, or conveying editorial commentary. They are generally rectangular and positioned near the edge of the panel. Often they are also colored to indicate the difference between themselves and the word balloons used by the characters, which are almost always white. Increasingly in modern comics, captions are frequently used to convey an internal monologue or typical speech.[9]
Some characters and strips use unconventional methods of communication. Perhaps the most notable is theYellow Kid, an earlyAmericancomic strip character. His (but not the other characters') words would appear on his large, smock-like shirt.Shirt Tales, a short-runAmerican animated TV series of the early 1980s used this same concept, but with changing phrases on the "T-shirts" worn by the animal-based characters, depending on the characters' thoughts.
Also noteworthy are the many variations of the form created byDave Sim for his comicCerebus the Aardvark. Depending on the shape, size, and position of the bubble, as well as the texture and shape of the letters within it, Sim could convey large amounts of information about the speaker. This included separate bubbles for different states of mind (drunkenness, etc.), for echoes, and a special class of bubbles for one single floating apparition.
An early pioneer in experimenting with many different types of speech balloons and lettering for different types of speech wasWalt Kelly, for hisPogo strip. Deacon Mushrat speaks withblackletter words, P.T. Bridgeport speaks in circus posters, Sarcophagus MacAbre speaks in condolence cards, "Mr. Pig" (a take onNikita Khrushchev) speaks infaux Cyrillic, etc.
In the famous French comic seriesAsterix,Goscinny andUderzo use bubbles without tails to indicate a distant or unseen speaker. They have also experimented with using different types of lettering for characters of different nationalities to indicate that they speak a different language which Asterix may not understand; Goths speak inblackletter, Greeks in angular lettering (though always understood by the Gaulish main characters, so it is more of an accent than a language), Norse with "Nørdic åccents", Egyptians in fauxhieroglyphs (depictive illustrations and rebuses), etc. Another experiment with speech bubbles was exclusive to one book,Asterix and the Roman Agent. The agent in question is a vile manipulator who creates discord in a group of people with a single innocent-sounding comment. His victims start quarreling and ultimately fighting each other while speaking in green-colored speech bubbles.
Font variation is a common tactic in comics.The Sandman series, written byNeil Gaiman andlettered byTodd Klein, features many characters whose speech bubbles are written with a font that is exclusive to them. For examples, the main character, the gloomyDream, speaks in wavy-edged bubbles, completely black, with similarly wavy white lettering. His sister, the scatterbrained and whimsicalDelirium speaks in bubbles in a many-colored explosive background with uneven lettering, and the irreverent ravenMatthew speaks in a shaky angular kind of bubble with scratchy lettering. Other characters, such as John Dee, have special shapes of bubbles for their own.[10]
ForMad magazine's recurring comic stripMonroe, certain words are written larger or in unusual fonts for emphasis.
Inmanga, there is a tendency to include the speech necessary for the storyline in balloons, while small scribbles outside the balloons add side comments, often used for irony or to show that they are said in a much smaller voice.Satsuki Yotsuba in the manga seriesNegima is notable because she speaks almostentirely in side scribble.
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Speech bubbles are used not only to include a character's words, but also emotions, voice inflections and unspecified language.
One of the universal emblems of the art of comics is the use of a single punctuation mark to depict a character's emotions, much more efficiently than any possible sentence. A speech bubble with a single bigquestion mark (?) (often drawn by hand, not counted as part of the lettering) denotes confusion or ignorance. Anexclamation mark (!) indicates surprise or terror. This device is used much in the European comic tradition, the Belgian artistHergé'sThe Adventures of Tintin series being a good example. Sometimes, the punctuation marks stand alone above the character's head, with no bubble needed.
Inmanga, theellipsis (i.e. three dots) is also used to express silence in a much more significant way than the mere absence of bubbles. This is especially seen when a character is supposed to say something, to indicate a stunned silence, or when a sarcastic comment is expected by the reader. The ellipsis, along with the big drop of sweat on the character's temple – usually depicting shame, confusion, or embarrassment caused by other people's actions – is one of theJapanese graphic symbols that have become used by other comics around the world, although they are still rare in Western tradition. Japanese even has a sound effect for "deafening silence",shiin (シーン/しいん).
In many comic books, words that would be foreign to the narration but are displayed in translation for the reader are surrounded bybrackets or chevrons⟨like this⟩.
Gilbert Hernandez's series aboutPalomar is written in English, but supposed to take place mainly in aHispanic country. Thus, what is supposed to be representations ofSpanish speech is written without brackets, but occasional actual English speech is written within brackets, to indicate that it is unintelligible to the mainHispanophone characters in the series.
Some comics will have the actual foreign language in the speech balloon, with the translation as a footnote; this is done with Latin aphorisms inAsterix. In the webcomicStand Still, Stay Silent, in which characters may speak up to five different languages in the same scene, most dialogue is unmarked (languages mostly being inferred by who is speaking and to whom), but miniature flags indicate the language being spoken where this is relevant.
Another convention is to put the foreign speech in a distinctive lettering style; for example,Asterix's Goths speak inblackletter.
Since the Japanese language usestwo writing directionalities (vertical, which is the traditional direction; and horizontal, as most other languages), manga has a convention of representing translated foreign speech as horizontal text.
It is a convention forAmerican comics that the sound of a snore is represented as a series of Z's, dating back at least toRudolph Dirks' early 20th-century stripThe Katzenjammer Kids.[11] This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, inCharles Schulz'sPeanuts comic strips.
The resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore is a frequent feature in other countries. However, in Japanese manga the common symbol for sleep is a large bubble ofsnot coming out of a character's nose.[12][failed verification]
Singing characters usually havemusical notes drawn into their word balloons.Archie Comics'Melody Valentine, a character in theirJosie and the Pussycats comic, has musical notes drawn into her word balloons at all times, to convey that she speaks in a sing-song voice.
The above-mentioned Albert Uderzo in theAsterix series decorates speech bubbles with beautiful flowers depicting an extremely soft, sweet voice (usually preceding a violent outburst by the same character).
A stormy cloud with a rough lightning shape sticking out of it, either in a bubble or just floating above the character's head as a modified 'cloudy' thought bubble, depicts anger, not always verbally expressed.
Light bulbs are sometimes used when the character thinks of an idea or solution to a problem.
In the Western world, it is common to replace profanity with a string of nonsense symbols (&%$@*$#), sometimes termedgrawlixes. In comics that are usually addressed to children or teenagers, bad language iscensored by replacing it with more or less elaborate drawings and expressionistic symbols. For example, instead of calling someone a swine, a pig is drawn in the speech bubble.
One example is theSpanishMortadelo series, created byFrancisco Ibáñez. Although not specifically addressed to children,Mortadelo was initiated duringFrancisco Franco'sdictatorship, when censorship was common and rough language was prohibited. When Ibáñez's characters are angry, donkey heads, lightning, lavatories, billy goats and evenfaux Japanese characters are often seen in their bubbles.
WhenMortadelo was portrayed in a movie by Spanish directorJavier Fesser in 2003, one of the critiques made to his otherwise successful adaptation was the character's use of words that never appeared in the comics. Fesser claimed: "When you see a bubble speech containing a lightning falling on a pig, what do you imagine the character's saying?"
In order for comic strip and graphic novel dialogue to make sense, it has to be read in order. Thus, conventions have evolved in the order in which the communication bubbles are read. The individual bubbles are read in the order of the language. For example, inEnglish, the bubbles are read from left to right in a panel, while inJapanese, it is the other way around. Sometimes the bubbles are "stacked", with two characters having multiple bubbles, one above the other. Such stacks are read from the top down.
Traditionally, a cartoonist or occupationalletterer would draw in all the individual letters in the balloons and sound effects by hand. A modern alternative, used by most comics presently and universal in English-translated manga, is to letter with computer programs. Thefonts used usually emulate the style of hand-lettering.
Traditionally, most mainstream comic books are lettered entirely inupper-case, with a few exceptions:
When hand-lettering, upper-case lettering saves time and effort because it requires drawing only three guidelines, while mixed-case lettering requires five.[13]
For a few comics, uppercase and lowercase are used as in ordinary writing. Since the mid-1980s,mixed case lettering has gradually become more widely used in mainstream comic books. Some comics, such asPearls Before Swine, also use lowercase speech to mark a distinctive accent (in this case, the male crocodiles' accented speech, opposed to all other characters who use standard uppercase speech).
From 2002 to 2004,Marvel Comics experimented with mixed-case lettering for all its comic books.[13] Most mainstream titles have since returned to traditional all upper-case lettering.
For many comics, although the lettering is entirely in capital letters,serif versions of "I" are used exclusively where a capital I would appear in normal print text, and asans-serif (i.e., a simple vertical line) is used in all other places. This reduces confusion with the number one, and also serves to indicate when the personal pronoun "I" is meant. This lettering convention can be seen in computer fonts designed for comic book lettering, which useOpenType contextual alternates to replace the single-stroke "I" with a serifed one in appropriate contexts.
In some comics, characters who are upside down when speaking also have the lettering in their speech bubbles turned upside down. As this only hinders the reading of the comic, this seems to be used only for humorous effect[original research?].
In several occasions, comics artists have used balloons (or similar narrative devices) as if they have true substance, usually for humorousmeta-like purposes. InPeanuts, for example, the notes played bySchroeder occasionally take substance and are used in various ways, including Christmas decorations or perches for birds. Sometimes balloons can be influenced by the strip's environment: in the Italian stripSturmtruppen they freeze and crack when the temperature is very low, or anArchie comic strip where two men from Alaska remarked on how cold it was, by saying the speech balloons froze as they said them, and the words had to be thawed out to be heard.
In the Flemish seriesSuske en Wiske, on one occasion a thought bubble full of mathematical formulas is cut open with scissors and its contents emptied in a bag, to be saved for later (in a manner not unlike thepensieve in theHarry Potter series). In the same series, speech balloons are occasionally even held and blown up to function as actual balloons or the words of the speech bubble are occasionally shown coming out the side of the speech bubble, to signify that the speaker is moving so fast that their words cannot keep up with them, i.e. atsupersonic speed.
In the novelWho Censored Roger Rabbit?, the last words of a murdered Toon (cartoon character) are found under his body in the form of a speech balloon.
Many digital artists generate speech balloons withgeneral-purpose illustration software. Products likeComic Book Creator forMicrosoft Windows,Comic Life forMac OS X and Windows were developed for the non-professional part of the market.
Unicode characterU+1F4AC 💬SPEECH BALLOON was added with Unicode 6.0 in 2010. It can also be produced with ":speech_ballooon:" onSlack andGitHub.U+1F5E8 🗨LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE (":left_speech_bubble:") was added with Unicode 7.0 in 2014.👁️🗨️ EYE IN SPEECH BUBBLE is aZWJ sequence added to Emoji 2.0 in 2015.
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