.jpg) Palacio de Correos Mexico City (1907) .jpg) California Tower San Diego (1915) _(cropped).jpeg) National Palace, Guatemala City (1943)  Archbishop's Palace Lima (1924) | |
| Years active | Late 19th century–Present |
|---|---|
| Location | PrimarilyHispanic America, theUnited States, thePhilippines |
| Influences | Spanish architecture (Spanish Gothic,Plateresque,Spanish Renaissance,Spanish Baroque,Neo-Mudéjar),Spanish colonial architecture (Churrigueresque,Earthquake Baroque,Monterey Colonial),Mexican architecture (Mexican Baroque),Peruvian architecture (Andean Baroque) |
| Influenced | Mediterranean Revival architecture,Territorial Revival architecture,Colonial Californiano,Monterey Revival architecture,Mission Revival architecture,California Churrigueresque,Pueblo Revival architecture, |
TheSpanish Colonial Revival architecture (Spanish:Arquitectura neocolonial española), often known simply asSpanish Revival, is a term used to encompass a number ofrevivalistarchitectural styles based in bothSpanish colonial architecture andSpanish architecture in general.[1] These styles flourished throughout theAmericas, especially in former Spanish colonies, fromCalifornia toArgentina.
In theUnited States, the earliest use of this style was inFlorida andCalifornia.St. Augustine, Florida was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor.[2] The city had served as the capital of Florida for over 250 years when Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819. By the late 1880s, St. Augustine was being developed byHenry M. Flagler as a winter resort for wealthy northern families. He built two grand hotels in the Mediterranean Revival andSpanish Revival styles: thePonce de Leon Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1882) and theAlcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887). These influenced the development of the Spanish Colonial Revival style. A few years later, at thePanama–California Exposition of 1915 inSan Diego, highlighting the work of architectBertram Goodhue, Spanish Colonial Revival was given further national exposure. Embraced principally in Florida and California, the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931.
InMexico, the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in the arts encouraged by the post–Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by theBaroque architecture of centralNew Spain, in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by thenorthern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termedcolonial californiano.
Modern-day tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconicterracotta shingles andstucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present.
The antecedents of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to theMediterranean Revival architectural style. In St. Augustine, Florida, a former Spanish colony, a winter playground was developing for wealthy people from northern cities in the United States. Three architects from New York CityJohn Carrère andThomas Hastings ofCarrère and Hastings andBostonian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in the Mediterranean Revival andSpanish Revival styles in the 1880s. With the construction of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (designed by Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887), and theCasa Monica Hotel (later the Hotel Cordova) built by Franklin W. Smith in 1888, Spanish-influenced architecture spread to several other parts of Florida. These three hotels were influenced not only by the centuries-old buildings remaining from the periodSpanish rule in St. Augustine but also byThe Old City House, constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture.
The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries internationalexpositions. For example, California'sMission Revival style Pavilion in whitestucco at theWorld's Columbian Exposition of 1893 inChicago,[3] and theMission Inn, along with theElectric Tower of thePan-American Exposition inBuffalo in 1900[4] introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integratedporticoes,pediments andcolonnades influenced byBeaux Arts classicism as well.
By the early years of the 1910s, Florida was major center for Spanish Colonial Revival style in the United States.Frederick H. Trimble's Farmer's Bank inVero Beach, completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city ofSt. Cloud, Florida, espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtlestucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partnersIda Annah Ryan andIsabel Roberts.
One of the most significant examples of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival in the United States at the time was is the architecture ofCoral Gables, Florida. Aplanned city established in the 1920s, the city's architecture is almost entirelyMediterranean Revival style, mandated in the original plan. The city was developed byGeorge E. Merrick, a real estate developer fromPennsylvania, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The Coral Gables Congregational Church, donated by Merrick, and the Catholic Church of the Little Flower, were classic examples of the Spanish Renaissance style. Early in the city's planning and development, Merrick shared his vision for Coral Gables as "a most extraordinary opportunity for the building of 'Castles in Spain'. Merrick's success in executing this vision for the city would catch the attention of Spain's King,Alfonso XIII, who awarded Merrick the Order of Isabella the Catholic for his support of Spanish culture in Coral Gables.
Several other cities in southern Florida showcased the Spanish Revival of the time, including Palm Beach. ThePalm Beach Town Hall, built in 1925 byHarvey and Clarke, with renovations later made by several notable architects.
The major location of design and construction in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San DiegoPanama–California Exposition, with architectsBertram Goodhue andCarleton Winslow Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in theCalifornia Quadrangle, built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architectLilian Jeannette Rice designed the style in the development of the town ofRancho Santa Fe in San Diego County.
The city ofSanta Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. TheCounty Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and theArlington Theatre designed byEdwards and Plunkett are prime examples.George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara includingCasa del Herrero andJackling House, along with businessesLobero Theatre and theSanta Barbara News-Press.
Real estate developerOle Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development ofSan Clemente, California in 1928. ThePasadena City Hall by John Bakewell, Jr. andArthur Brown, Jr., theSonoma City Hall, and theBeverly Hills City Hall byHarry G. Koerner andWilliam J. Gage are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses inRiverside and many of them have been preserved.
The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has a distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following theMexican Revolution, there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to Europeaneclecticism (favored during thePorfiriato). The 1915 bookLa patria y la arquitectura nacional by architectFederico E. Mariscal (es) was influential in advocatingviceregal architecture as integral to national identity.[5] During the government of PresidentVenustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style.[6] In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built withPlateresque elements; such asgrotesques,pinnacles andmixtilinear arches (es).[6]
Secretary of EducationJosé Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government) was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture.[7] Traditional materials such astezontle,cantera andTalavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings.[6]
The colonial-eraNational Palace was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly, the colonial Mexico Citygovernment building was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s.
The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built inMexico City's then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico ascolonial californiano (Californian Colonial). That is, a Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival.[8] Many houses of this style can still be seen in theColonia Nápoles,Condesa,Polanco andLomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. ThePasaje Polanco shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture.
Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in the early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places likeSydney suburbsManly andBondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in the wealthier suburbs, the most famous beingBoomerang, atElizabeth Bay.[9][10] ThePlaza Theatre in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style.
In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built inShanghai, particularly in the formerFrench Concession. Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in the city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period likeThe Chinese Architect andThe Builder regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement.
After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom ofNew Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By the time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities.
The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famedManila Hotel designed byWilliam E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout the country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country.
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlierMission Revival style derived from thearchitecture of the California missions, andPueblo Revival style from the traditionalPuebloan peoples inNew Mexico. Both precedents were popularized in theWestern United States byFred Harvey and hisAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depots and Hotels. The Spanish Colonial Revival style is also influenced by theAmerican Craftsman style andArts and Crafts Movement.
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras ofSpanish Baroque,Spanish Colonial,Moorish Revival and MexicanChurrigueresque architecture. The style is marked by the prodigious use of smoothplaster (stucco)wall andchimney finishes, low-pitchedclaytile, shed, or flat roofs, andterracotta orcastconcrete ornaments. Other characteristics typically include smallporches orbalconies,Roman orsemi-circulararcades andfenestration, woodcasement or tall,double–hung windows,canvasawnings, and decorativeiron trim.
Structural form:
One of the most accomplished architects of the style wasGeorge Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s inSanta Barbara, California. His own residencesEl Hogar (1916, a.k.a.Casa Dracaena) andCasa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estateCasa del Herrero inMontecito, now a registeredNational Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are theJackling House andLobero Theatre also in California.
Bertram Goodhue andCarleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influencedHawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects:[11]
Currently:
In Florida notable architects include:[11]
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