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Spacecraft call signs are radiocall signs used for communication in crewed spaceflight. These are not formalized or regulated to the same degree as other equivalent forms of transportation, like aircraft. The three nations currently launching crewed space missions use different methods to identify the ground and space radio stations; the United States uses either the names given to the space vehicles or else the project name and mission number. Russia traditionally assigns code names as call signs to individualcosmonauts, more in the manner ofaviator call signs, rather than to the spacecraft.
The only continuity in call signs for spacecraft has been the issuance of "ISS"-suffixed (or "-1SS", for its visual similarity) call signs by various countries in the Amateur Radio service as a citizen of their country has been assigned there. The first Amateur Radio call sign assigned to the International Space Station was NA1SS by the United States. OR4ISS (Belgium), GB1SS (UK),[1] DP0ISS (Germany), and RS0ISS (Russia) are examples of others, but are not all-inclusive of others also issued.
In America's first crewed space programProject Mercury, the astronauts named their individual spacecraft. These names each consisted of a significant word followed by the number 7 (representing theseven original astronauts) and were used as the call signs by thecapsule communicators (CAPCOMs).
InProject Gemini, the astronauts were not officially permitted to name their two-man spacecraft, which was identified by "Gemini" followed by the mission number (3 through 12). A notable exception was thatGus Grissom named hisGemini 3 spacecraftMolly Brown after the Titanic survivor, as a joke based on his experience with hisLiberty Bell 7 capsule sinking. This name was used as a call sign by CAPCOML. Gordon Cooper, without NASA's approval.
Starting with the second Gemini flight,Gemini 4, NASA used theLyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) to house the flight control center. The call sign for this facility wasHouston. TheChristopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center, the current flight control facility at JSC, also usesHouston as its call sign.
The practice of using the mission number continued through the first two flights of theProject Apollo crewed lunar landing program,Apollo 7 andApollo 8. But all remaining Apollo missions included two crewed spacecraft (Command/Service Module (CSM) andLunar Module (LM)) on each flight, which required the use of separate call signs for each vehicle when they flew independently of each other. For this reason, NASA permitted the three-man crews to name both crafts for each of their missions, and these names were used as the call signs. A temporary exception to this was on the first Moon landing,Apollo 11: since the first Moon landing site was in theSea of Tranquillity, the call signTranquillity Base was used while the LM was on the lunar surface. Before and after the independent flight of the LM, the mission number was used as the call sign. The Apollo call signs were:
| Flight | Command Module | Lunar Module |
|---|---|---|
| Apollo 9 | Gumdrop | Spider |
| Apollo 10 | Charlie Brown | Snoopy |
| Apollo 11 | Columbia | Eagle |
| Apollo 12 | Yankee Clipper | Intrepid |
| Apollo 13 | Odyssey | Aquarius |
| Apollo 14 | Kitty Hawk | Antares |
| Apollo 15 | Endeavour | Falcon |
| Apollo 16 | Casper | Orion |
| Apollo 17 | America | Challenger |
For projectSkylab, the practice returned to using the mission name as the spacecraft call sign, since the Skylab station was left uncrewed while the shuttle vehicle (an Apollo CSM) carried a crew to it or back to Earth.
The sixSpace Shuttle orbiters were given individual names (they also had letter-and-number callsigns) by NASA, which were used as the call signs:Enterprise (OV-101, which was not fitted for spaceflight),Columbia (OV-102),Challenger (OV-099),Discovery (OV-103),Atlantis (OV-104), andEndeavour (OV-105). Of these,Columbia,Challenger, andEndeavour had served as call-signs of Apollo spacecraft.
SpaceXCrew Dragon capsules use two calls signs.Dragon is used as a generic call sign, particularly if the capsule has not been named. The name of the spacecraft is also used as a call sign. The name and call sign of each Crew Dragon, as given by the crew of the spacecraft's initial mission, is:
| Serial | Name | Named By |
|---|---|---|
| C206 | Endeavour[2] | Demo-2 |
| C207 | Resilience[3] | Crew-1 |
| C210 | Endurance[4] | Crew-3 |
| C212 | Freedom[5] | Crew-4 |
Endeavour, which was named for the space shuttleEndeavour, had previously served as call signs for both an Apollo spacecraft and the spacecraft's namesake shuttle.[6] The nameFreedom honorsFreedom 7, the space capsule used byAlan Shepard'sMercury Redstone 3, the first United Stateshuman spaceflight mission.[7]
The call signSpaceX is used by the Crew Operations and Resources Engineer (CORE) (the SpaceX equivalent of the CAPCOM in Houston) at SpaceX Mission Control (MCC-X) inHawthorne,California.[8][9]
Boeing Starliner capsules use the generic call signStarliner. The only named Starliner capsule, Starliner Spacecraft 3, was namedCalypso byBoeing Crewed Flight Test pilotSunita Williams and can use that name as an alternate call sign. As Boeing Mission Control (MCC-CST) is located at the Johnson Space Center, the standard JSC call signHouston is used.
Thespacecraft of theSoviet Union were not individually named, nor are those ofRussia today. Only the general type of spacecraft, for example, "Vostok," "Soyuz," or "Soyuz-T" is publicly announced after launch, usually followed by the number of the flight of that type of spacecraft. The Soviet and now Russian call signs are more nearlycode words, and so are not disclosed before launch. Each is given to a particularcosmonaut who commands a spacecraft, generally staying as his or her designation from spacecraft to spacecraft. The other crew members use the same call sign with a number of their rank in the chain of command suffixed. Russian popular journalism refers to the crew by the plural of the call sign (for example, "the Fotons").
Kedr, meaning "cedar," was the call sign ofYuri Gagarin, the first man in space. It would have disclosed nothing to a listener concerning the momentousness of the flight. The rest of the call signs of theVostok series were the names of birds.Pavel Popovich andAndriyan Nikolayev's call signs in their joint flight inVostok-3 andVostok-4,Sokol ("falcon") andBerkut ("golden eagle"), were widely popularized by Soviet media. The call sign of the launch facility itself for Vostok was nearly a code word:Zarya, meaning "dawn".
EarlySoyuz flights intent on practicing docking procedures were given call signs elaborating on the first few letters of an alphabet.Soyuz 4, which had the call signAmur, docked withSoyuz 5, calledBaikal - the names derived from a railway project of that era, intending to link those two geographical features.Soyuz 6 was given a call sign equivalent to "Antaeus," which referred to the largest aircraft of the era, theAntonov 22. Its mission in a group flight was to film the intended docking ofSoyuz 7 (calledBuran, which means "snowstorm") withSoyuz 8, calledGranit ("granite") - standard Soviet military call signs. The equivalent for the letterA wasAktif, meaning "Active"; it would be inappropriate for the mission of Soyuz 6.
Later Soyuz flights to theSalyut space stations andMir had less noteworthy call signs:Foton, meaning "photon", etc.
In contrast to the naming conventions applied by the Soviet Union and now Russia, mostAmerican space flights, with the exception of those ofProject Gemini and earlyApollo flights, have had their spacecraft officially named. Calls to ground facilities by radiotelephone use the name of the spacecraft (e.g., "TheEagle has landed") as the call sign.
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The call sign of the International Space Station was Alpha, nowStation.
When different space missions and different control centers work together in joint operations, for example when a Dragon capsule docks to the ISS, NASA connects all communication channels using what is known as theBig Loop.[10] When communicating on the Big Loop, one can hear the call signsDragon,Starliner,SpaceX,Houston andStation at any given time.
The following Call signs are available for use on the ISS:[11]
The following callsigns are called when the crew needs to contact one of the field centers on the ground what ever segment they are in when performing experiments:[12]
