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Socialism in Tunisia orTunisian socialism is a political philosophy that is shared by various political parties of the country. It has played a role in the country's history from the time of the Tunisianindependence movement againstFrance up through theTunisian Revolution to the present day.
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In 1978, theMovement of Socialist Democrats (MDS) was founded by defectors from the then rulingSocialist Destourian Party (PSD) and liberal-minded expatriates. The founders of the MDS had already been involved in the establishment of theTunisian Human Rights League (LTDH) in 1976/77.[1] Its first secretary general was Ahmed Mestiri who had been a member of the PSD and interior minister in the government ofHabib Bourguiba, but was dropped from the government in 1971 and expelled from the party after he had called for democratic reforms and pluralism. The MDS to officially register in 1983. It was one of three legal oppositional parties during the 1980s. The MDS welcomedZine El Abidine Ben Ali taking over the presidency from the longterm head of state Bourguiba in 1987. Many MDS members believed that Ben Ali really pursued reforms and liberalisation and defected to hisConstitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), weakening the MDS. Ahmed Mestiri led the party until 1990. In the early 1990s, the party was torn between cooperation with the government and opposition.[2] Those who strove for a strictly oppositional course left the party or were edged out.[3] In 1994, a group of MDS dissidents aroundMustapha Ben Jaafar founded theDemocratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (FDTL), which was only legalised in 2002.
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On 9 April 1994, theDemocratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is asocial democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia.[4][5] Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologistMustapha Ben Jafar.[6]
Active from 1993 to 2012, theEttajdid Movement (Movement for Renewal) was acentre-leftsecularist,democratic socialist andsocial liberalpolitical party inTunisia.[7][8][9][10][11] It was led byAhmed Ibrahim.[12] For theConstituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance calledDemocratic Modernist Pole (PDM), of which it was the mainstay.[13][14]
Ahmed Brahim was the First Secretary of the movement and also the leader of theDemocratic Modernist Pole until April 2012, when his party merged into theSocial Democratic Path of which he became the president. He was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate forPresident of Tunisia in the2009 presidential election.[15][16] Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a "democratic modern andsecular [laicist] state" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require "radical" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates.[17]
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TheTunisian Revolution[18] was an intensive campaign ofcivil resistance, including a series of streetdemonstrations taking place inTunisia, and led to the ousting of longtime presidentZine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. It eventually led to a thoroughdemocratization of the country and to free and democratic elections with theTunisian Constitution of 2014,[19] which is seen as progressive, increases human rights, gender equality, government duties toward people, lays the ground for a new parliamentary system and makes Tunisia a decentralized andopen government.[19][20] And with the held of the country firstparliamentary elections since the 2011 Arab Spring[21] and itspresidentials on 23 November 2014,[22] which finished its transition to a democratic state. These elections were characterized by the fall in popularity of Ennahdha, for the secularNidaa Tounes party, which became the first party of the country.[23]
The demonstrations were caused by highunemployment, foodinflation,corruption,[24][25] a lack ofpolitical freedoms likefreedom of speech[26] and poorliving conditions. The protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades[27][28] and resulted in scores of deaths and injuries, most of which were the result of action by police and security forces against demonstrators. The protests were sparked by theself-immolation ofMohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010[29][30][31] and led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 28 days later on 14 January 2011, when he officially resigned after fleeing toSaudi Arabia, ending 23 years in power.[32][33] Labour unions were said to be an integral part of the protests.[34] TheTunisian National Dialogue Quartet was awarded the2015 Nobel Peace Prize for "its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011".[35] The protests inspiredsimilar actions throughout the Arab world.
Founded in 2011 (2011), thePeople's Movement is asecularist andArab nationalist political party inTunisia.[36]It has a social democratic platform and is aligned with workers groups.[37]The party belongs to thePopular Front coalition of left-leaning parties led byHamma Hammami, leader of theTunisian Workers Party.[38]The coalition includes ten nationalist left-wing groups, including the People's Movement.[39]
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ThePopular Front for the Realization of the Objectives of the Revolution, short Popular Front (ej-Jabha), is aleftistpolitical andelectoral alliance in Tunisia, made up of nine political parties and numerous independents. The coalition was formed in October 2012, bringing together 12 mainly left-wing Tunisian parties including theDemocratic Patriots' Unified Party, theWorkers' Party, Green Tunisia, theMovement of Socialist Democrats (which has left), theTunisian Ba'ath Movement and Arab Democratic Vanguard Party, two different parties of the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and otherprogressive parties.[40] The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine.[41] Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis.[42]
The coordinator of the Popular Front coalition,Chokri Belaid, was killed by an unknown gunman on 6 February 2013. An estimated 1,400,000 people took part in his funeral,[43] while protesters clashed with police andEnnahda supporters,[44]
On 25 July 2013,Mohamed Brahmi, founder a former leader of the Popular Front, assassinated on[45] was assassinated. Numerous protests erupted in the streets following his assassination. Following his death, hundreds of his supporters, including relatives and party members of the People's Movement, demonstrated in front of the Interior Ministry's building onAvenue Habib Bourguiba and blamed the incumbent Ennahda Party and their followers for the assassination.[46][47] Hundreds of supporters also protested in Brahmi's hometown of Sidi Bouzid.[46]
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