Aslate is a thin piece of hard flat material, historicallyslate stone, which is used as a medium for writing on.[1] Writing on a slate is impermanent and easily erased, and the same slate is then reused.
The writing slate consisted of a piece of slate, typically either 4x6 inches or 7x10 inches, encased in a wooden frame.[2] Split slate was prepared by scraping with a steel edge, grinding with a flat stone and, finally, polishing with a mix of slate powder in water. Pencils were of a softer stone, such asshale,chalk orsoapstone.[3] In 1853Charles Goodyear patented a compound ofhard-vulcanised rubber with powderedporcelain, from which to make white pencils for writing on slates.[4]
Usually, a piece of cloth or slate sponge, sometimes attached with a string to the bottom of the writing slate, was used to erase it for reuse.
The exact origins of the writing slate remain unclear. References to its use can be found in the fourteenth century and evidence suggests that it was used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The central time period for the writing slate, however, "appears to begin in the later eighteenth century, when developments in sea andland transport permitted the gradual expansion of slate quarrying inWales and the growth of a substantial slate workshop industry."[5]
By the nineteenth century, writing slates were used around the world in nearly every school and were a central part of theslate industry. At the dawn of the twentieth century, writing slates were the primary tool in theclassroom for students. In the 1930s (or later) writing slates began to be replaced by more modern methods.[6] However, writing slates did not become totally obsolete; they are still made in the twenty-first century, though in small quantities.
The writing slate was sometimes used by industry workers to track goods and by sailors to calculate theirgeographical location at sea. Sometimes multiple pieces of slate were bound together into a "book" and horizontal lines were etched onto the slate surface as a guide for neat handwriting.[7]