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Skjåk

Coordinates:61°56′10″N7°57′37″E / 61.93611°N 7.96028°E /61.93611; 7.96028
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Municipality in Innlandet, Norway
Municipality in Innlandet, Norway
Skjåk Municipality
Skjåk kommune
Skjaak herred  (historic name)
Skiaker herred  (historic name)
Innlandet within Norway
Innlandet within Norway
Skjåk within Innlandet
Skjåk within Innlandet
Coordinates:61°56′10″N7°57′37″E / 61.93611°N 7.96028°E /61.93611; 7.96028
CountryNorway
CountyInnlandet
DistrictGudbrandsdalen
Established1 January 1866
 • Preceded byLom Municipality
Administrative centreBismo
Government
 • Mayor(2019)Edel Kveen (Sp)
Area
 • Total
2,075.53 km2 (801.37 sq mi)
 • Land1,966.66 km2 (759.33 sq mi)
 • Water108.85 km2 (42.03 sq mi)  5.2%
 • Rank#33 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total
2,147
 • Rank#271 in Norway
 • Density1.1/km2 (3/sq mi)
 • Change(10 years)
Decrease −5.8%
DemonymSkjåkvær[1]
Official language
 • Norwegian formNynorsk
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-3433[3]
WebsiteOfficial website

Skjåk is amunicipality inInnlandet county,Norway. It is located in thetraditional district ofGudbrandsdal. Theadministrative centre of the municipality is the village ofBismo. Most of the municipal residents live in theBillingsdalen andOttadalen valleys along the riverOtta. The local newspaper is namedFjuken.

The 2,076-square-kilometre (802 sq mi) municipality is the 33rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Skjåk is the 271st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,147. The municipality'spopulation density is 1.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.8/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 5.8% over the previous 10-year period.[4][5]

General information

[edit]

The municipality of Skjåk was established on 1 January 1866 when the largeLom Municipality was divided and the western part of the municipality (population: 2,691) became the new Skjåk Municipality (historically spelledSkiaker Municipality). The eastern part of the municipality (population: 3,299) remained as Lom Municipality.[6]

Name

[edit]

The municipality (originally theparish) is named after the oldSkjåk farm (Old Norse:Skeiðakr) since the firstSkjåk Church was built there. The first element comes from the wordskeið which means "a running track forhorse racing". The last element isakr which means "field" or "acre".[7] Prior to 1889, the name was written "Skiaker", then from 1889 to 1910 it was spelled "Skiaaker". On 4 June 1910, aroyal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality toSkjaak, to give the name a moreNorwegian and lessDanish spelling due toNorwegian language reforms.[8] On 21 December 1917, aroyal resolution enacted the1917 Norwegian language reforms. Prior to this change, the name was spelled with thedigraph "aa", and after this reform, the letterå was used instead (Skjåk).[9][10]

Coat of arms

[edit]

Thecoat of arms was granted on 31 March 1989. The officialblazon is"Azure, an acanthusquatrefoilargent" (Norwegian:På blå grunn eit sølv firblad). This means the arms have a bluefield (background) and thecharge is fouracanthus leaves connected in the centre. The charge has atincture ofargent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. This design was chosen to symbolize growth and strength. These symbols are found in many historic artifacts from around the area. The arms were designed by Arvid Sveen. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[11][12][13]

Churches

[edit]

TheChurch of Norway has two parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Skjåk. It is part of theNord-Gudbrandsdal prosti (deanery) in theDiocese of Hamar.

Churches in Skjåk
Parish (sokn)Church nameLocation of the churchYear built
NordbergNordberg ChurchNordberg1864
SkjåkSkjåk ChurchBismo1752

Geography

[edit]
View of the "sunny side" of Skjåk

Skjåk Municipality is the westernmost municipality in theOttadalen valley. It is bordered to the north byFjord Municipality,Rauma Municipality, andLesja Municipality, in the east and southeast byLom Municipality, in the south byLuster Municipality and in the west byStryn Municipality andStranda Municipality. The municipality lies along theOtta river between the mountainous areas of Breheim and Reinheim.Bismo is the modern population center and the location of the majority of industry and shopping as well as the municipal administration.

The community is at the meeting point betweenGudbrandsdalen and the mountains between the eastern parts of Norway and the west coast. The municipality lies on a historically significant traffic artery between Stryn and Nordfjord,Geiranger, andSunnmøre and the more easterly Ottadal municipalities of Lom andVågå. TheBreheimen National Park andReinheimen National Park are both located in the municipality.

Of the total area, 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi) is used for agriculture; 129 square kilometres (50 sq mi) forforestry; 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi) is covered by water (including theBreiddalsvatnet lake); and the rest is mountains and other non-arable land. Virtually the entire 23-kilometre (14 mi) long valley floor is continuously, but sparsely, built up. Skjåk serves as a point of entry to the mountain areas just west;hunting andfishing are also populartourist activities. The municipality includes a number of large lakes includingAursjoen,Breiddalsvatnet,Grønvatnet,Langvatnet,Rauddalsvatn, andTordsvatnet. TheBreheimen mountains run through the municipality and theHolåbreen andTystigbreenglaciers are located in those mountains.

Climate

[edit]

Nestled in a deep valley, the populated regions of Skjåk arerain shadowed and as a result are actually one of the most arid places inEurope with annual precipitation of about 250 millimetres (10 in) per year, but it avoids asteppe climate (KöppenBSk) by being too cold (mean annual temperature of 2.75 °C [36.95 °F]), thus having a lowevapotranspiration rate, and having precipitation too spread out (about 55% in summer). This gives Skjåk asubarctic climate (KöppenDsc), thanks to low overall precipitation levels in summer.[14][15]

In addition, one side of the valley,solsida ("the sunny side"), has a southern exposure, whereasbaksida (the "back side") gets very little sun.Agriculture has been enabled by elaborateirrigation systems for hundreds of years, so the area is green and productive rather than desert-like.

Climate data for Skjåk, Oppland, elevation: 372 m or 1,220 ft, 1961-1990 normals, extremes 1970–1987
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)12.4
(54.3)		10.2
(50.4)		12.6
(54.7)		19.7
(67.5)		24.8
(76.6)		30.3
(86.5)		30.2
(86.4)		32.2
(90.0)		22.5
(72.5)		19.3
(66.7)		14.1
(57.4)		10.6
(51.1)		32.2
(90.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F)6.4
(43.5)		5.9
(42.6)		8.2
(46.8)		13.8
(56.8)		22.1
(71.8)		25.7
(78.3)		27.5
(81.5)		25.3
(77.5)		19.3
(66.7)		14.8
(58.6)		9.7
(49.5)		8.5
(47.3)		28.6
(83.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−6.0
(21.2)		−4.7
(23.5)		1.9
(35.4)		7.4
(45.3)		14.7
(58.5)		18.2
(64.8)		19.9
(67.8)		18.5
(65.3)		12.7
(54.9)		6.8
(44.2)		0.4
(32.7)		−2.6
(27.3)		7.3
(45.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)−9.4
(15.1)		−8.2
(17.2)		−2.7
(27.1)		2.7
(36.9)		8.5
(47.3)		12.7
(54.9)		13.9
(57.0)		12.8
(55.0)		8.4
(47.1)		3.8
(38.8)		−2.9
(26.8)		−6.6
(20.1)		2.8
(36.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−13.5
(7.7)		−13.1
(8.4)		−6.8
(19.8)		−2.0
(28.4)		2.7
(36.9)		6.7
(44.1)		8.6
(47.5)		7.6
(45.7)		3.9
(39.0)		0.3
(32.5)		−6.1
(21.0)		−10.0
(14.0)		−1.8
(28.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F)−27.8
(−18.0)		−25.7
(−14.3)		−17.8
(0.0)		−10.2
(13.6)		−4.5
(23.9)		0.4
(32.7)		2.9
(37.2)		0.8
(33.4)		−3.6
(25.5)		−8.7
(16.3)		−17.7
(0.1)		−21.6
(−6.9)		−30.1
(−22.2)
Record low °C (°F)−40.0
(−40.0)		−35.7
(−32.3)		−25.5
(−13.9)		−15.9
(3.4)		−7.5
(18.5)		−2.8
(27.0)		0.5
(32.9)		−1.8
(28.8)		−8.0
(17.6)		−18.9
(−2.0)		−25.3
(−13.5)		−38.0
(−36.4)		−40.0
(−40.0)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)20
(0.8)		12
(0.5)		12
(0.5)		5
(0.2)		15
(0.6)		28
(1.1)		43
(1.7)		35
(1.4)		30
(1.2)		32
(1.3)		23
(0.9)		24
(0.9)		279
(11.1)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)17
(6.7)		16
(6.3)		12
(4.7)		4
(1.6)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		0
(0)		2
(0.8)		9
(3.5)		17
(6.7)		25
(9.8)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)63324698878771
Source: Meteorologisk institutt[14]

History

[edit]
Number of minorities (1st and 2nd generation) in Skjåk by country of origin in 2017[16]
AncestryNumber
 Eritrea40
 Poland26
 Russia8
 Germany3

Skjåk has historical roots back to theViking Age and has a rich cultural heritage. An ancient route of travel between east and west went from Skjåk up through the Raudal valley and down through the Sunndal valley toStryn on an arm of theNordfjord. For example, in 1197, according toKing Sverre'ssaga, Bishop Nikolaus is reported to have sent a group ofbaglers from Oppdal over the mountains to Stryn on Nordfjord, via Raudal.

Government

[edit]

Skjåk Municipality is responsible forprimary education (through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizen services,welfare and othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroads and utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal council ofdirectly elected representatives. Themayor isindirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[17] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theVestre Innlandet District Court and theEidsivating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Skjåk is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty.

Skjåk kommunestyre 2023–2027[18]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)3
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)9
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalist i Skjåk)5
Total number of members:17
Skjåk kommunestyre 2019–2023[19]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)4
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)11
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalist i Skjåk)2
Total number of members:17
Skjåk kommunestyre 2015–2019[20][21]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)9
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)12
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 2011–2015[22]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)8
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)10
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalist i Skjåk)3
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 2007–2011[21]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)8
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)10
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalist i Skjåk)3
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 2003–2007[21]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)5
 Conservative Party(Høgre)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)12
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalist i Skjåk)3
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1999–2003[21]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)5
 Conservative Party(Høgre)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)11
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalist i Skjåk)4
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1995–1999[23]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)4
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)14
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalista i Skjåk)3
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1991–1995[24]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)9
 Conservative Party(Høgre)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)9
 Local list in Skjåk(Bygdalista i Skjåk)2
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1987–1991[25]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Conservative Party(Høgre)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)8
 Local list for Skjåk(Bygdeliste for Skjåk)2
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1983–1987[26]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)11
 Conservative Party(Høgre)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)7
 Local list for Skjåk(Bygdeliste for Skjåk)2
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1979–1983[27]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Conservative Party(Høgre)1
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)8
 Local list for Skjåk(Bygdeliste for Skjåk)2
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1975–1979[28]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)9
 Local list for Skjåk(Bygdeliste for Skjåk)1
 Free voters' list(Frie Veljarar)1
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1971–1975[29]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)7
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)4
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1967–1971[30]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)6
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)5
Total number of members:21
Skjåk kommunestyre 1963–1967[31]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)9
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)7
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)5
Total number of members:21
Skjåk heradsstyre 1959–1963[32]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Centre Party(Senterpartiet)9
 Liberal Party(Venstre)2
Total number of members:21
Skjåk heradsstyre 1955–1959[33]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)12
 Farmers' Party(Bondepartiet)8
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)1
Total number of members:21
Skjåk heradsstyre 1951–1955[34]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties(Borgarlege Felleslister)10
Total number of members:20
Skjåk heradsstyre 1947–1951[35]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Farmers' Party(Bondepartiet)6
 Joint list of theLiberal Party(Venstre) and theRadical People's Party(Radikale Folkepartiet)1
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties(Borgarlege Felleslister)3
Total number of members:20
Skjåk heradsstyre 1945–1947[36]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)11
 Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties(Borgarlege Felleslister)3
 Local List(s)(Lokale lister)6
Total number of members:20
Skjåk heradsstyre 1937–1941*[37]  
Party name(in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party(Arbeidarpartiet)13
 Farmers' Party(Bondepartiet)7
Total number of members:20
Note: Due to theGerman occupation of Norway duringWorld War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

[edit]

Themayors (Nynorsk:ordførar) of Skjåk:[38]

  • 1866–1875: Otto Ottesen
  • 1876–1877: Ola Lund
  • 1878–1881: Jon J. Kjeka
  • 1882–1883: Kristian A. Hjeltar
  • 1884–1885: Ola O. Hyrve
  • 1886–1889: Ola Lund
  • 1890–1891: Ola O. Skjåk
  • 1892–1893: Kristian A. Hjeltar
  • 1894–1897: Lars Ånstad
  • 1898–1901: Ola O. Skjåk
  • 1902–1904: Lars Ånstad
  • 1905–1907: Rasmus Haugen
  • 1908–1910: Ola O. Ånstad
  • 1911–1913: Erik Kvale
  • 1914–1916: Kolbein Skaare
  • 1917–1919: Johannes Kjeken
  • 1920–1922: Kolbein Skaare
  • 1923–1925: Olav Øygard
  • 1926–1928: Ola F. Gjeilo
  • 1929–1931: Olav Øygard
  • 1932–1934: Ola F. Gjeilo
  • 1935–1941: Ole O. Langleite (Ap)
  • 1941–1945: Gudbrand Skjaak (NS)
  • 1945–1951: Ole O. Langleite (Ap)
  • 1952–1955: Trygve Bakke (Bp)
  • 1956–1959: Ole Langleite (Ap)
  • 1960–1971: Trygve Bakke (Sp)
  • 1972–1983: Hans Krogstad (Sp)
  • 1984–1987: Åge Willy Rønningen (Ap)
  • 1988–1995: Margit Grimstad Lien (Sp)
  • 1996–2003: Hans Krogstad (Sp)
  • 2003–2007: Ola Stensgård (Sp)
  • 2007–2015: Rolv Kristen Øygard (Sp)
  • 2015–2019: Elias Sperstad (Sp)
  • 2019–present: Edel Kveen (Sp)

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (9 January 2024)."Kommunenummer".Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon.
  4. ^Statistisk sentralbyrå (2022)."Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. ^Statistisk sentralbyrå (2022)."09280: Area of land and fresh water (km2) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^Jukvam, Dag (1999)."Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen"(PDF) (in Norwegian).Statistisk sentralbyrå.ISBN 9788253746845.
  7. ^Rygh, Oluf (1900).Norske gaardnavne: Kristians amt (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 30 & 33.
  8. ^"Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1910. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m".Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 201. 1910.
  9. ^"Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1917. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m".Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 1000. 1917.
  10. ^Den Nye rettskrivning : regler og ordlister (in Norwegian). Kristiania, Norge: Den Mallingske Boktrykkeri. 1918.
  11. ^"Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved17 April 2023.
  12. ^"Skjåk, Oppland (Norway)".Flags of the World. Retrieved17 April 2023.
  13. ^"Godkjenning av våpen og flagg".Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 9 June 1989. Retrieved17 April 2023.
  14. ^ab"Meteorologisk institutt". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016.
  15. ^"Koppen climate calculator". Archived fromthe original on 19 November 2016.
  16. ^"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by immigration category, country background and percentages of the population". ssb.no. Archived fromthe original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved29 June 2015.
  17. ^Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022)."kommunestyre".Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian).Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved14 October 2022.
  18. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Innlandet".Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved13 January 2024.
  19. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Innlandet".Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved25 April 2022.
  20. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2015 - Oppland".Valgdirektoratet.
  21. ^abcd"Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  22. ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Oppland".Valgdirektoratet.
  23. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1995"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  24. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1991"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  25. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1987"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  26. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1983"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  27. ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1979"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  28. ^"Kommunevalgene 1975"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  29. ^"Kommunevalgene 1972"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  30. ^"Kommunevalgene 1967"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  31. ^"Kommunevalgene 1963"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  32. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  33. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  34. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  35. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  36. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  37. ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved12 December 2020.
  38. ^Skjåk (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norge: Skjåk kommune. 1966. pp. 37–38.

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