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Skiffle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genre of folk music
Skiffle
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsSouthern United States
Derivative forms
Regional scenes
United Kingdom
Other topics
Jug band

Skiffle is agenre of folk music with influences fromAmerican folk music,blues,country,bluegrass, andjazz, generally performed with a mixture of manufactured and homemade or improvised instruments.

Originating as a form in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, it became extremely popular in the United Kingdom in the 1950s, where it was played by such artists asLonnie Donegan,the Vipers Skiffle Group,Ken Colyer, andChas McDevitt.

Skiffle was a major part of the early careers of some musicians who later became prominent in other genres, includingthe Quarrymen (who were later renamedthe Beatles),Tony Sheridan andRory Gallagher. The skiffle style has been seen as a critical stepping stone to thesecond British folk revival, theBritish blues boom, and theBritish Invasion of American popular music.

Origins in the United States

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Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers, c. 1928

The origins of skiffle are obscure but generally thought to lie in African-American musical culture in the early 20th century. Skiffle is often said to have developed fromNew Orleans jazz, but this claim has been disputed.[1] Improvisedjug bands playing blues and jazz were common across the American South in the early decades of the 20th century.[2] They used instruments such as thewashboard,jugs,washtub bass,cigar-box fiddle,musical saw andcomb-and-paperkazoos, as well as more conventional instruments, such asacoustic guitar andbanjo.[3]

The origin of the English wordskiffle is unknown. However, in the dialect of the west of Englandto make a skiffle, meaning to make a mess of any business, is attested from 1873.[4] In early 20th century America the termskiffle was one of manyslang phrases for arent party, a social event with a small charge designed to pay rent on a house.[5] It was first recorded inChicago in the 1920s and may have been brought there as part of the African-American migration to northern industrial cities.[1]

The first use of the term on record was in 1925 in the name ofJimmy O'Bryant and his Chicago Skifflers. Most often it was used to describecountry blues music records, which included the compositions "Hometown Skiffle" (1929) and "Skiffle Blues" (1946) byDan Burley & his Skiffle Boys.[6] It was used byMa Rainey (1886–1939) to describe her repertoire to rural audiences.[1] The termskiffle disappeared from American music in the 1940s.

Revival in the United Kingdom

[edit]
The Alcove Skiffle Group performing inChislehurst Caves, 1957

Skiffle was a relatively obscure genre, and it might have been largely forgotten if not for its revival in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and the success of its main proponent,Lonnie Donegan. British skiffle grew out of the developing post-warBritish jazz scene, which saw a move away fromswing music and towardstrad jazz.[1] Among these bands wereBill Bailey Skiffle Group andKen Colyer's Jazzmen, a band formed byChris Barber. Lonnie Donegan played banjo for the Jazzmen, and also performed skiffle music during intervals. He would sing and play guitar with accompaniment of two other members, usually onwashboard andtea-chest bass. They played a variety of American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings ofLead Belly, in a lively style that emulated Americanjug bands. These were listed on posters as "skiffle" breaks, a name suggested by Ken Colyer's brother Bill after recalling theDan Burley Skiffle Group.[7] Soon the breaks were as popular as traditional jazz. After disagreements in 1954, Colyer left to form a new outfit, and the band became Chris Barber's Jazz Band.[1]

The first British recordings of skiffle were carried out by Colyer's new band in 1954, but it was the release byDecca of two skiffle tracks by Barber's Jazz Band under the name of the "Lonnie Donegan Skiffle Group" that transformed the fortunes of skiffle in late 1955.[1] Donegan's fast-tempo version ofLead Belly's "Rock Island Line" was a major hit in 1956, featuring awashboard (but not a tea-chest bass), with "John Henry" on the B-side. It spent eight months in the Top 20, peaking at No. 6 (and No. 8 in the U.S.). It was the first debut record to gogold in Britain, selling over a million copies worldwide.[1]

The Acoustic Music organization makes this comment about Donegan's "Rock Island Line". "It flew up the English charts. Donegan had synthesized American Southern Blues with simple acoustic instruments: acoustic guitar, washtub bass and washboard rhythm. The new style was called 'Skiffle' .... and referred to music from people with little money for instruments. The new style captivated an entire generation of post-war youth in England."[8] After splitting from Barber, Donegan went on to make a series of popular records as "Lonnie Donegan's Skiffle Group", with successes including "Cumberland Gap" (1957), "Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour" (1958) and "My Old Man's a Dustman" (1960).[1]

It was the success of Donegan's "Rock Island Line" and the lack of a need for expensive instruments or high levels of musicianship that set off the British skiffle craze. A few bands enjoyed chart success in the skiffle craze, including theChas McDevitt Skiffle Group ("Freight Train"),[9]Johnny Duncan and the Bluegrass Boys, andthe Vipers, but the main impact of skiffle was as a grassroots amateur movement, particularly popular amongworking class men, who could cheaply buy, improvise, or build their own instruments and who have been seen as reacting against the drab austerity of post-war Britain.[1][10] The craze probably reached its height with the broadcasting of the BBC TV programmeSix-Five Special from 1957. It was the first British youth music programme, using a skiffle song as its title music and showcasing many skiffle acts.[1] However, theBritish rock and roll scene was starting to take off, producing home-grown stars likeTommy Steele,Marty Wilde andCliff Richard andthe Shadows (themselves originally involved in skiffle). By February 1958,Pete Murray, host ofSix-Five Special, noted a trend of groups wishing to "play down that word skiffle", considering it limiting.[11] By the end of 1958, the boom was over as enthusiasts either abandoned music for more stable employment or moved into some of the forms of music that it had first suggested, including folk, blues and rock and roll. As a result, it has been seen as a critical stepping stone to the second folk revival, blues boom and theBritish Invasion of the US popular music scene.[1] Donegan continued his career in skiffle until his death in 2002.[12]

It has been estimated that in the late 1950s, there were 30,000–50,000 skiffle groups in Britain.[7] Sales of guitars grew rapidly, and other musicians were able to perform on improvised bass and percussion in venues such as church halls and cafes and in the flourishing coffee bars ofSoho, London, likethe 2i's Coffee Bar,the Cat's Whisker and nightspots like Coconut Grove and Churchill's, without having to aspire to musical perfection or virtuosity.[1] A large number of British musicians began their careers playing skiffle in this period, and some became leading figures in their fields. These included leading Northern Irish musicianVan Morrison and British blues pioneerAlexis Korner, as well asRonnie Wood,Alex Harvey andMick Jagger; folk musiciansMartin Carthy,John Renbourn andAshley Hutchings; rock musiciansRoger Daltrey,Jimmy Page,Ritchie Blackmore,Robin Trower andDavid Gilmour; and popularBeat-music successesGraham Nash andAllan Clarke ofthe Hollies.[13] Most notably,the Beatles developed fromJohn Lennon's 1957 skiffle groupthe Quarrymen;[14]Paul McCartney was added after a few months andGeorge Harrison joined in 1958.[8] Similarly, theBee Gees developed fromBarry Gibb's skiffle groupThe Rattlesnakes.[15]

In a 2010 radio interview,Tony Sheridan recalls his encounter with skiffle:"I always felt a bit out of place anyway. So when the puberty thing started,Lonnie Donegan came along, I think it was the end of '55, early '56.Rock Island Line. All I heard was the beginning [of the song]... It sort of turned a switch in me. I'm sureJohn Lennon on the other side of the country, inLiverpool, I'm sure he felt something very, very similar... the first time he heard Donegan. It was usually Donegan with us, you know, beforeElvis."[16]

During summer 1970, the skiffle-like song "In the Summertime" by British bandMungo Jerry reached the top of the charts in several countries around the world. In 2017, performerBilly Bragg's bookRoots, Radicals and Rockers, a history of the skiffle movement, was published.[17] Bragg has compared the development of skiffle in Britain in the 1950s topunk rock in the 1970s, noting that skiffle was a revolt by young people against the culture of their parents, and allowed them to create their own style of music without expensive equipment or great musical virtuosity.[18]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklM. Brocken,The British folk revival, 1944–2002 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 69–80.
  2. ^L. R. Broer and J. D. Walther,Dancing Fools and Weary Blues: the Great Escape of the Twenties (Popular Press, 1990), p. 149.
  3. ^J. R. Brown.,A Concise History of Jazz (Mel Bay Publications, 2004), p. 142.
  4. ^A Glossary of Provincial Words & Phrases in Use in Somersetshire (Longmans, London: 1873), 33.
  5. ^J. Simpson and E. Weiner, eds,The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn., 1989), c.f. "skiffle".
  6. ^J. Minton,78 Blues: Folksongs and Phonographs in the American South (University Press of Mississippi, 2008), pp. 119–20.
  7. ^abR. D. Cohen,Folk Music: the Basics (CRC Press, 2006), p. 98.
  8. ^ab"Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History".Acousticmusic.org. Retrieved15 July 2022.
  9. ^"RIDIN' THE FREIGHT TRAIN WITH CHAS McDEVITT (Archived copy)". Archived fromthe original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved2013-04-09. Chas McDevitt: Skiffle
  10. ^J. P. Ward,Britain and the American South: From Colonialism to Rock and Roll (University Press of Mississippi, 2009), pp. 192–6.
  11. ^Murray, Pete (22 February 1958)."Over the points"(PDF).Disc: 15. Retrieved29 December 2022.
  12. ^"'Skiffle king' Donegan dies".News.bbc.co.uk. 4 November 2002. Retrieved15 July 2022.
  13. ^C. McDevitt,Skiffle: The Roots of UK Rock (Robson Books, 1998).
  14. ^J. Roberts,The Beatles (Lerner Publications, 2001), p. 13.
  15. ^Talevski, Nick (1998).The Unofficial Encyclopedia of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN 9780313300325. Retrieved31 March 2015.
  16. ^"RTÉ Documentary on One - Are You Tony Sheridan? - The story of a self-confessed 'Irish Vagabond', with Martin Duffy, 2010-07-17".Raidió Teilifís Éireann, Ireland's National Public Service Media. Rte.ie. 29 February 2016.
  17. ^Richard Williams, "Roots, Radicals and Rockers by Billy Bragg review – the skiffle moment and how it changed music",The Guardian, 28 June 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2018
  18. ^"Skiffle: The musical revolution that time forgot",BBC Arts, 25 February 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018

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