Shipibo (alsoShipibo-Conibo,Shipibo-Konibo) is aPanoan language spoken inPeru andBrazil by approximately 26,000 speakers. Shipibo is a recognized indigenouslanguage of Peru.
/i/ and/o/ are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case):[i̞],[o̽],/ɯ/ is more front than cardinal[ɯ]:[ɯ̟], whereas/a/ is more close and more central[ɐ] than cardinal[a]. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas/ɯ/ before coronal consonants (especially/n,t,s/) can be as central as[ɨ].[5]
In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.[6]
The oral vowels/i,ɯ,o,a/ are phonetically nasalized[ĩ,ɯ̃,õ,ã] after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes/ĩ,ɯ̃,õ,ã/.[4]
Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than/w,j/ intervenes.[6]
/β/ is most typically a fricative[β], but other realizations (such as an approximant[β̞], a stop[b] and an affricate[bβ]) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.[4]
/n,ts,s/ are alveolar[n,ts,s], whereas/t/ is dental[t̪].[7]
The/ʂ–ʃ/ distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.[4]
Before nasal vowels,/w,j/ arenasalized[w̃,j̃] and may be even realized close to nasal stops[ŋʷ,ɲ].[6]
/w/ is realized as[w] before/a,ã/, as[ɥ] before/i,ĩ/ and as[ɰ] before/ɯ,ɯ̃/. It does not occur before/o,õ/.[6]
/ɻ/ is a very variable sound:
Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ([ɻ] or[ʐ]).[4]
Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate[d̠͡z̠], or a stop-approximant sequence[d̠ɹ̠].[6]
It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap[ɾ̠].[4]
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.),Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press.ISBN0-292-70414-3.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.),Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43–66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956–7.)
Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available onlinehttp://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),"Shipibo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31 (2):281–285,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
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