| Korean Expedition | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The capturedSujagi aboardUSSColorado in June 1871 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States |  Joseon | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
| ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| |||||||
| United States expedition to Korea | |
| Hangul | 신미양요 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 辛未洋擾 |
| Revised Romanization | Sinmiyangyo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Sinmiyangyo |
TheUnited States expedition to Korea, known in Korea as theShinmiyangyo (Korean: 신미양요;Hanja: 辛未洋擾;lit. Western Disturbance in theShinmi Year) or simply theKorean Expedition, was an American military action inKorea that took place predominantly on and aroundGanghwa Island in 1871.
Frederick Low, the American ambassador to China, sent the mission to ascertain the fate of themerchant shipGeneral Sherman, which had gone missing while visiting Korea in 1866. According to aNational Interest article, Low's own records indicated the punitive campaign was motivated by a need to demonstrate American power over what he considered to be a weaker nation. Previously, the American commanders had felt entitled. They would "peacefully" enter Korean waters for survey and trade aboard heavily armed warships, all the while ignoring repeated diplomatic requests to respect Korean sovereignty.[2]
Korean officials had sent letters holding the Americans responsible for unlawfully sending warships into their territorial waters, and also explaining to Low what had happened to the General Sherman. The governor of Ganghwa also sent what Low described as a "few worthless articles"—three cows, 50 chickens and 1,000 eggs—in an effort to de-escalate things. The Americans rejected the offer. Instead, they launched a punitive campaign after the commanding American admiral did not receive an official apology from the Koreans.[3] The isolationist nature of theJoseon dynasty and the free trade ambitions of the Americans pushed a diplomatic standoff into an armed conflict.[4]
The American expedition consisted of about 650 men, more than 500 sailors and 100Marines, as well as five warships:[5]Colorado,Alaska,Palos,Monocacy, andBenicia. Embarked aboardColorado was Rear AdmiralJohn Rodgers, andFrederick F. Low, theUnited States Ambassador to China.[6][7] The Korean forces, known as "Tiger Hunters", were led by GeneralEo Jae-yeon.
The Americans safely made contact with the Korean inhabitants, described as "people wearing white clothes". When they inquired about theGeneral Sherman incident, the Koreans were initially reluctant to discuss the topic, ostensibly to avoid having to pay recompense. The Americans consequently let the Koreans know that their fleet would be exploring the area and that they meant no harm. This gesture was misinterpreted; Korean policy at the time prohibited foreign ships from sailing on theHan River, which led directly to the capital city of Hanyang, modern-daySeoul. Therefore, the Joseon government rejected the U.S. request. The Americans sailed anyway.[8]
On 1 June, the Korean fortress fired at the U.S. fleet as it sailed up theGanghwa Straits, which leads to the river. The U.S. forces were not badly damaged due to "the bad gunnery of the [K]oreans, whose fire, although very hot for the fifteen minutes in which they maintained it, was ill-directed, and consequently without effect."[9] The U.S. demanded an apology within 10 days; there was no response so Rodgers decided on a punitive assault on the forts.[7]
On 10 June, the Americans attacked the lightly defendedChoji Garrison on Ganghwa, along theSalee River. The Koreans were armed with severely outdated weapons, such asmatchlock muskets, cannons, andbreech-loading swivel guns. After overrunning the Korean defenders, the Americans moved on to their next objective, theDeokjin Garrison. American 12-poundhowitzers kept the poorly armed Korean forces from effective range. The American troops continued towards the next objective,Deokjin Fort, which they found abandoned. The sailors and Marines quickly dismantled this fortress and continued toGwangseong Garrison, acitadel. By this time, Korean forces had regrouped there. Along the way, some Korean units tried to flank the U.S. forces but were beaten off again due to the strategic placement of artillery on two hills.
Artillery fire from ground forces andMonocacy offshore pounded the citadel in preparation for an assault by U.S. forces. A force of 546 sailors and 105 Marines grouped on the hills west of the fortress (infantry troops were on the hill directly west of the fortress, while artillery troops on another hill both shelled the fortress and also covered the Americans' flanks and rear), keeping cover and returning fire. Once the bombardment stopped, the Americans charged the citadel, led by LieutenantHugh McKee. The slow reload time of the Korean matchlocks aided the Americans, armed with superior Remingtonrolling block carbines, in making it over the walls; the Koreans even ended up throwing rocks at the attackers.
McKee was the first to make it into the citadel and was fatally wounded by a shot to the groin; after him came commanderWinfield Scott Schley, who shot the Korean soldier who had killed McKee.[10] The flag of the Korean commander, General Eo Jae-yŏn, called the "Sujagi" by Koreans, was captured by CorporalCharles Brown ofColorado's guard and PrivateHugh Purvis ofAlaska's guard.[11] General Eo was killed by PrivateJames Dougherty.[12] While serving as thecolor bearer forColorado's crew and Marines,ColoradoCarpenterCyrus Hayden planted the U.S. flag on the ramparts under heavy enemy fire. Corporal Brown, Privates Dougherty, Purvis, and Carpenter Hayden received theMedal of Honor.
The fighting lasted fifteen minutes. The total number killed was 243 Koreans and three Americans; McKee, Seaman Seth Allen, and U.S. Marine Corps Private Denis Hanrahan.[13] Ten Americans were wounded, and 20 Koreans were captured, several of whom were wounded. Five Korean forts were taken in total, with dozens of small cannons.[14][15] The Korean deputy commander was among the wounded who were captured.[16] The U.S. hoped to use the captives as a bargaining chip to meet with local officials, but the Koreans refused, calling the captives cowards and "Low was told that he was welcome to keep the wounded prisoners." However, the Americans released the prisoners before departing.[17]
Following the military operations of 10–12 June, the United StatesAsiatic Squadron stayed at anchorage offJakyak Island[clarification needed] until 3 July, when they left forChina.[18][19]
The United States had hoped that their victory would persuade the Koreans to return to the negotiating table. But the Koreans refused to negotiate. In fact, these events led the regentDaewon-gun to strengthen his policy of isolation and issue a national proclamation against appeasing foreigners.[20] Additionally the Koreans soon sent reinforcements in large numbers that were armed with more modern weapons to confront the American troops. Realizing that the odds had shifted, the U.S. fleet consequently departed and set sail for China on 3 July.[21]
There were no further attacks on foreign ships. In 1876, Korea establisheda trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwa Island and threatened to fire on Seoul. Treaties with European countries and the U.S. soon followed.
Nine sailors (Chief QuartermasterGrace, QuartermastersTroy,Franklin andRogers,Boatswain's MateMcKenzie,Ordinary SeamanAndrews, Carpenter Hayden, andLandsmenLukes andMerton) and six Marines (Corporal Brown and PrivatesColeman, Dougherty,McNamara,Owens, and Purvis) were awarded theMedal of Honor, the first for actions in a foreign conflict.
From April–May 1882, the United States, represented by CommodoreRobert W. Shufeldt of the United States Navy, and Korea negotiated and approved a 14-article treaty.[22][1] The treaty established mutual friendship and mutual assistance in case of attack;[23] and also addressed such specific matters as extraterritorial rights for American citizens in Korea[24] andmost favored nation trade status.[25]
The treaty remained in effect until theannexation of Korea in 1910.
![Korean casualties, after the attack on Fort Sondolmok (Fort McKee) by Felice Beato[26]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fwikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aInterior_of_Fort_McKee%2c_June_1871_HD-SN-99-01927.JPEG)
18thPresident of the United States (1869–1877) | |||||||||
| Military career | |||||||||
| Presidency |
| ||||||||
| Post-presidency | |||||||||
| Books | |||||||||
| Life | |||||||||
| Elections | |||||||||
| Legacy | |||||||||
| Family |
| ||||||||
![[1]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.bing.com%2fimages%2fsearch%3fview%3ddetailV2%26amp%3bccid%3dvm2Nsh3g%26amp%3bid%3dD2FF504E3D19AA0AC17E66EC40EF1B185E439F7E%26amp%3bthid%3dOIP.vm2Nsh3gDX3s48oxTHc7EQHaFy%26amp%3bmediaurl%3dhttp%253a%252f%252fn7.alamy.com%252fzooms%252f98c7b92594be43bba7a955a848875aaf%252ffort-with-dead-korean-soldiers-after-capture-by-us-sailors-and-marines-kwdmtw.jpg%26amp%3bexph%3d500%26amp%3bexpw%3d640%26amp%3bq%3dsujagi%2bflag%2breturned%26amp%3bsimid%3d608056028871002751%26amp%3bselectedIndex%3d43%26amp%3bajaxhist%3d0){kind=link}
