Shango (Yoruba language:Ṣàngó, also known asChangó orXangô inLatin America; asJakuta orBadé; and asṢangó inTrinidad Orisha[1]) is anOrisha (or spirit) inYoruba religion. Genealogically speaking, Shango is a royal ancestor of theYoruba as he was the thirdAlaafin of theOyo Kingdom prior to his posthumousdeification. Shango has numerous manifestations, including Airá, Agodo, Afonja, Lubé, and Obomin.[2][3] He is known for his powerful double axe (Oṣè). He is considered to be one of the most powerful rulers thatYorubaland has ever produced.
Ṣàngó was the third Alaafin of Oyo, followingOranmiyan andAjaka.[3] He brought prosperity to theOyo Empire.[4] According to Professor Mason'sMythological Account of Heroes and Kings, unlike his peaceful brother Ajaka, he was a powerful and violent ruler. He reigned for seven years which were marked by his continuous campaigns and many battles. His reign ended due to the inadvertent destruction of his palace by lightning. He had three wives, namely QueenOshun, QueenOba, and QueenOya.
Some of the slaves brought to the Americas were Yoruba, one of the various ethnic groups drawn into theAtlantic slave trade, and they brought the worship of Ṣàngó to the New World as a result. Strong devotion to Ṣàngó led to Yoruba religions in Trinidad andRecife, Brazil being named after the deity.[5]
Ṣàngó is viewed as the most powerful of the orisha pantheon and is often described in two differing narratives.[6] In the first narrative, Ṣàngó casts a "thunderstone" to earth, which creates thunder and lightning, to anyone who offends him. Worshippers inYorubaland inNigeria do not eatcowpea because they believe that the wrath of the god of thunder and lightning would descend on them.[7] In the second narrative, Ṣàngó is gifted with the ability to breathe fire and smoke through his nostrils and is known for being angered by his quarrelsome wives. These narratives also encapsulate the virility, bravery, and governance of Ṣàngó.[6] While he was feared for tyranny and destructive powers, he was also highly revered for his bravery, fairness, and tremendous powers.[6]
The Ṣàngó god necklaces are composed of varying patterns of red and white beads, usually in groupings of four or six, which are his sacred numbers. Rocks created by lightning strikes are venerated by Ṣàngó worshipers; these stones, if found, are maintained at sacred sites and used in rituals. Ṣàngó is called on during coronation ceremonies in Nigeria to the present day.[8][9][5]
In Yorubaland, Ṣàngó is worshipped on the fifth day of the week, which is named Ojo Jakuta. Ritual worship foods include guguru, bitter cola,àmàlà, and gbegiri soup. Also, he is worshipped with the Bata drum. One significant thing about this deity is that he is worshipped using red clothing, just as he is said to have admired red attire during his lifetime.[10]
Ṣàngó is known as Xangô in theCandomblé pantheon. He is said to be the son ofOranyan, and his wives includeOya,Oshun, andOba, as in the Yoruba tradition. Xangô took on strong importance among slaves in Brazil for his qualities of strength, resistance, and aggression. He is noted as the god of lightning and thunder. He became the patronorixa of plantations and many Candomblé terreiros. In contrastOko, the orixá of agriculture, found little favor among slaves in Brazil and has few followers in the Americas. The main barracão ofIlê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká, or the terreiro Casa Branca, is dedicated to Xangô. Xangô is depicted with anoxê, or double-sided ax similar to alabrys; and a brass crown.[11][5][12]
Sacred food: amalá (a swallow food made of yam, cassava flour, or unripe plantain flour called èlùbọ́)
Instruments: oxê, a double ax; bangles; brass crown; Thunder Stones, or objects struck by lightning
Garment: red cloth with printed white squares or cowrie shells
Necklace or Elekes: white and red beads
Archetype: power, dominance
Sacred dance:alujá, theroda de Xangô. It speaks of his achievements, deeds, consorts, power, and dominion
Sacrificial animals: fresh water turtle, male goat, sheep[12][11][13]
Amalá, also known asamalá de Xangô, is the ritual dish offered to the orixá. It is a stew made of chopped okra, onion, dried shrimp, and palm oil. Amalá is served on Wednesday at thepegi, or altar, on a large tray, traditionally decorated with 12 upright uncooked okra. Due to ritual prohibitions, the dish may not be offered on a wooden tray or accompanied bybitter kola. Amalá de Xangô may also be prepared with the addition of beef, specifically an ox tail. Amalá de Xangô is different thanàmàlà, a dish common to Yoruba areas of Nigeria.[11]
In episode 28 of the telenovelaCelia, loosely based on the life ofCelia Cruz and produced by Telemundo, the cultural ancestors of Celia's African heritage visit her in her dreams, chanting and invoking the presence of Chango.
FC Shango is an American men's recreational football club based in Minnesota and was formed in 1992. Competing in the highest division in amateur soccer in Minnesota, FC Shango won the state amateur soccer tournament in 2017, and currently has three teams: MASL D2, MSSL O40, and O50. They are the 2023 over 50 Masters League champions of the Minnesota Senior Soccer League MSSL.[1].
Shango is the fifth album released by the multi-genre trance group Juno Reactor. The tracks "Pistolero" and "Masters of the Universe" were released as singles.
^Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals. New York:Routledge. p. 24.ISBN0-415-94180-6.
^Adeoye, C. L. (1989).Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ẹ̀sìn Yorùba (in Yoruba). Ibadan: Evans Bros. Nigeria Publishers. pp. 285–302.ISBN9781675098.
^abMurrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2010).Afro-Caribbean Religions : an Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 32–33.ISBN9781439900406.
Law, Robin:The Oyo Empire c. 1600 – c. 1836, Oxford 1977.
Seux, M.-J.,Épithètes royales akkadiennes et sumériennes, Paris 1967.
Tishken,Joel E., Tóyìn Fálọlá, and Akíntúndéí Akínyẹmí (eds),Sàngó in Africa and the African Diaspora, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2009.
