This is an accepted version of this page
Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Common connotations | |
royalty,nobility,Lent,Easter,Mardi Gras,magic,Spirit Day | |
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #800080 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (128, 0, 128) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (300°, 100%, 50%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (30, 68, 308°) |
Source | HTML |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
There are numerous variations of the colorpurple, a sampling of which is shown below.
In commonEnglish usage,purple is a range of hues ofcolor occurring betweenred andblue.[1] However, the meaning of the termpurple is not well defined. There is confusion about the meaning of the termspurple andviolet even among native speakers of English.[2] Many native speakers of English in the United States refer to the blue-dominated spectral color beyond blue as purple, but the same color is referred to as violet by many native English speakers in the United Kingdom.[3][4] The full range of colors between red and blue is referred to by the termpurple in some British authoritative texts,[3] whereas the same range of colors is referred to by the termviolet in some other texts.[5] The confusion about the range of meanings of the termsviolet andpurple is even larger when including other languages and historical texts.[6] Since this Wikipedia page contains contributions from authors from different countries and different native languages, this Wikipedia page is likely not to be consistent in the use of the color termspurple andviolet.
In formalcolor theory,purple colors often refer to the colors on theline of purples on theCIE chromaticity diagram (or colors that can be derived from colors on the line of purples), i.e., any color between red and violet, not including either red orviolet themselves.[7][8]
The first recorded use ofpurple as a color name in English was in 975 AD.[9] According tocolor theory, purple is considered acool color.[10]
See also underPurple#In art, history and fashion the section "In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple"
Tyrian Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #66023C |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (102, 2, 60) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (325°, 98%, 40%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (21, 49, 346°) |
Source | Green-Lion.net |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Very deep red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
"Tyrian purple" is the contemporary English name of the color that in Latin is denominated "purpura". Other contemporary English names forpurpura are "imperial purple" and "royal purple". The English name "purple" itself originally denominated the specific colorpurpura.Purpura is the color of a dye extracted from amollusk found on the shores of the city ofTyre in ancientPhoenicia (contemporarily inLebanon), which color in classical antiquity was a symbol ofroyalty and political authority because only the very wealthy could afford it, including the Roman Emperors. Therefore, Tyrian purple was also denominated "imperial purple".
Tyrian purple may have been discovered as early as during theMinoan civilization.Alexander the Great, when giving imperial audiences as theemperor ofMacedonia; the emperor of theSeleucid Empire; and thekings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple. The imperial robes ofRoman emperors were of Tyrian purple trimmed in metallicgold thread. The badge of office of aRoman Senator was a stripe of Tyrian purple on his whitetoga.[11] Tyrian purple was continued in use by the emperors of theEastern Roman Empire untilits final collapse in 1453.
The tone of Tyrian purple displayed above is that tone of Tyrian purple which was the color of "clotted blood", which was considered the tone having the most prestige in ancient Greece and Rome, as recorded byPliny the Elder. However, the actual tone varied depending on how the dye was formulated. Lesser royal houses that wanted to economize could mix Tyrian purple dye with the much less expensiveindigo to create a colorcloser to violet.
Han purple is a type of artificialpigment found in China between 500BC andAD 220. It was used in the decoration of theTerracotta Army.
Royal Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #7851A9 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (120, 81, 169) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (267°, 52%, 66%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (42, 65, 280°) |
Source | Crayola |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong violet |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colorroyal purple is a tone of purple that is bluer than the ancient Tyrian purple.
The first recorded use ofroyal purple as a color name inEnglish was in 1661.[12]
In 1990,royal purple was formulated as one of theCrayola crayon colors.
Mauveine was first named in 1856.ChemistSir William Henry Perkin, then eighteen, was attempting to create artificialquinine. An unexpected residue caught his eye, which turned out to be the firstanilinedye—specifically,Perkin's mauve ormauveine is sometimes calledaniline purple. Perkin was so successful in recommending his discovery to the dyestuffs industry that his biography bySimon Garfield is titledMauve.[13] As mauveine faded easily, contemporary understanding of mauve is as a lighter, less saturated color than it was originally known.[14]
"Mauveine" was named after themauve coloredmallow flower, even though it is a much deeper tone of purple than mauve. The term "Mauve" in the late 19th century could refer to either the deep, rich color of the dye or the light color of the flower. Mauve (meaning Mauveine) came into greatvogue when in 1862Queen Victoria appeared at theRoyal Exhibition in a mauve silk gown—dyed with mauveine. By 1890, this color had become so pervasive in fashion that authorThomas Beer used it in the title of his book about the 1890s,The Mauve Decade.[15]
Red-Violet | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #C71585 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (199, 21, 133) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (322°, 89%, 78%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (45, 98, 340°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purplish red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
In some parts of the world, 'Royal purple' (shown above) or the dark violet color known asgeneric purple is the common layman's idea of purple, but these color terms carry different meanings in different parts of the world. Even among modern native speakers of English there is confusion about the terms purple and violet.[2] In the United Kingdom, many native speakers of English refer to the blue-dominated spectral color beyond blue as violet, but this color is called purple by many speakers in the United States.[3][4] In some texts the term violet refers to any color between red and blue.[5] However, there are also authoritative texts from the United Kingdom in which this same range of colors is referred to by the term purple.[3] When including languages other than English, and epochs other than the modern period, the uncertainty about the meanings of the color terms violet and purple is even larger.[6] Since this Wikipedia page contains contributions from authors from different countries and different native languages, it is likely to be not consistent in the use of the color terms violet and purple.
Artists that[citation needed] happen to followMunsell color system (introduced in 1905 and used since 1930 by a large number of artists in the United States, but by much fewer artists outside the US), may regard purple as being synonymous with thered-violet color, represented by theweb colormedium violet red. Munsell included purple as a color hue in his color system, but he did not do so for violet as he did not need it as a label for his system (just like the hue term orange is not used in Munsell's system). If defined as blue-dominated colors between blue and red, violet colors in Munsell's system would be classified as having the 7.5PB and 10.0PB hue, which is confirmed in visual experiments[6] The truly purple color, defined as being within the range of the red-dominated colors between red and blue, is sometimes confusingly labeled asred-violet color, or more correctlyartist's purple. It is the pigment color that would be on a pigment color color wheel between pigmentviolet and pigment (process)magenta. In the Munsell color system, this color at its maximum chroma of 12 is called Red-Purple, or more specifically Munsell 5RP.
Artists' pigments and colored pencils labeled as purple are typically colored the red-violet color. On anRYB color wheel, the so-called red-violet color is the color between red and violet.
Electric Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #BF00FF |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (191, 0, 255) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (285°, 100%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (50, 133, 288°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
This color,electric purple, is precisely halfway between violet and magenta and thus fits the artistic definition of purple.[16]
Using additive colors such as those on computer screens, it is possible to create a much brighter purple than with pigments where the mixing subtracts frequencies from the component primary colors. The equivalent color on a computer to the pigment color red-violet shown above would be this electric purple, i.e. the much brighter purple reproduced on the screen of a computer. This color is pure purple conceived as computer artists conceive it, as the color on thecolor wheel halfway between color wheel violet and electric magenta. Thus, electric purple is the purest and brightest purple that it is possible to display on a computer screen. Its RGB code is (191, 0, 255).
An old name for this color, used byRobert Ridgway in his 1912 book on color nomenclature,Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, istrue purple.[17]
Purple (HTML/CSS color) | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #800080 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (128, 0, 128) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (300°, 100%, 50%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (30, 68, 308°) |
Source | HTML/CSS[18] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
This purple used inHTML andCSS actually is deeper and has a more reddish hue (#800080) than theX11 color purple shown below aspurple (X11 color) (#A020F0), which is bluer and brighter. This is one of the veryfew clashes between web and X11 colors.
This color may be calledHTML/CSS purple. It seems likely that this color was chosen as the web color purple because its hue is exactly halfway between red and blue and its value is exactly halfway between white and black.
A traditional name sometimes used for this tone of purple ispatriarch. The first recorded use ofpatriarch as a color name in English was in 1925.[19]
Purple (X11 color) | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #A020F0 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (160, 32, 240) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (277°, 87%, 94%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (45, 123, 283°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid violet |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The color purple, as defined in theX11 color names in 1987, is brighter and bluer than theHTML/CSS web color purple shown above aspurple (HTML/CSS color). This is one of the veryfew clashes between web and X11 colors.
This color can be calledX11 purple.
The traditional name for this tone of purple isveronica. The first recorded use ofveronica as a color name in English was in 1919.[20]
Medium Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #9370DB |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (147, 112, 219) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (260°, 49%, 86%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (55, 83, 276°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid violet |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The web colormedium purple is a medium shade of the brightX11 purple shown above.
Rebecca purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #663399 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (102, 51, 153) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (270°, 67%, 60%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (33, 69, 281°) |
Source | CSS 4.1 |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Rebecca purple was named after the daughter of CSS pioneerEric A. Meyer and added to CSS 4.1.
Purple (Munsell) | |
---|---|
![]() The hues of theMunsell color system, at varying values, and maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut | |
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #CC00FF |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (204, 0, 255) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (288°, 100%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (52, 133, 292°) |
Source | https://pteromys.melonisland.net/munsell/ |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
TheMunsell color system is acolor space that specifiescolors based on three color dimensions:hue, value (lightness), andchroma (colorfulness), spaced uniformly (in terms ofhuman perception) in three dimensions in the Munsellcolor solid. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five, non-arbitrary, equally spaced primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.
The color of the sample is the mostchromatic (colorful) purple in the sRGB gamut that falls in the hue of 5P (primary purple) in the Munsell color space.
Pale Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #FAE6FA |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (250, 230, 250) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (300°, 8%, 98%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (93, 17, 308°) |
Source | Pantone TPX[21] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Pale purplish pink |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Pale purple is the pale tint of purple.
Lavender | |
---|---|
![]() Lavender flowers | |
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #B57EDC |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (181, 126, 220) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (275°, 43%, 86%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (62, 71, 287°) |
Source | Maerz and Paul[22] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
At right is displayed the colorlavender. This color may also be calledlavender (floral) orfloral lavender to distinguish it from theweb color lavender. It is the color of the central part of thelavender flower.
The first recorded use of the wordlavender as a color term inEnglish was in 1705.[23]
Since the colorlavender has a hue code of 275, it may be regarded as a light tone of purple.
Mauve (Mallow) | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #E0B0FF |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (224, 176, 255) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (276°, 31%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (79, 61, 290°) |
Source | Maerz and Paul[24] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Brilliant purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Mauve/ˈmoʊv/ ⓘ[25] (rhymes with "grove"; from the French form ofMalva "mallow") is a palepurple. Mauve is named after themallowflower. Another name for the color ismallow[26] with the first recorded use ofmallow as a color name inEnglish in 1611.[27]
Thistle | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #D8BFD8 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (216, 191, 216) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (300°, 12%, 85%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (80, 21, 308°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Very pale purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Thistle is a lightpurple resembling thethistle plant.
The first recorded use ofThistle as a color name in English was in 1892.[28]
The color thistle is associated withScotland because the thistle is thenational flower of Scotland and Scotland's higheststate decoration is theOrder of the Thistle.
Orchid | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #DA70D6 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (218, 112, 214) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (302°, 49%, 85%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (63, 80, 310°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colororchid is a bright rich purple. The name 'orchid' originates from the flowers of some species of the vastorchid flower family, such asLaelia furfuracea andAscocentrum pusillum, which have petals of this color.
The first recorded use oforchid as a color name in English was in 1915.[29]
Heliotrope | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #DF73FF |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (223, 115, 255) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (286°, 55%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (66, 102, 295°) |
Source | Maerz and Paul[30] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colorheliotrope is a brilliant tone of purple; it is apink-purple tint that is a representation of the color of theheliotrope flower.
The first recorded use ofheliotrope as a color name inEnglish was in 1882.[31]
Phlox | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #DF00FF |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (223, 0, 255) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (292°, 100%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (55, 134, 298°) |
Source | Maerz and Paul[32] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The pure essence of purple was approximated in pigment in the late 1960s by mixingfluorescent magenta and fluorescent blue pigments together to makefluorescent purple to use inpsychedelicblack light paintings. This tone of purple was very popular amonghippies and was the favorite color ofJimi Hendrix. Thus it is calledpsychedelic purple. Psychedelic purple is the color halfway between electric purple and magenta.
In the 1980s, there was aJimi Hendrix Museum in aVictorian house on the east side of Central Avenue one half block south of Haight Street in theHaight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco which was painted this color.
Another name for this color isphlox, as it is the color of thephlox flower. The first recorded use ofphlox as a color name in English was in 1918.[33]
Purple Pizzazz | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #FE4EDA |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (254, 78, 218) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (312°, 69%, 100%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (63, 111, 322°) |
Source | Crayola |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid reddish purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colorpurple pizzazz was formulated by Crayola in 1990.
Liseran Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #DE6FA1 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (222, 111, 161) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (333°, 50%, 87%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (61, 71, 345°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS[34][35] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep purplish pink |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The first recorded use ofliseran purple as a color name inEnglish was in 1912.[36]
Mulberry | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #C54B8C |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (197, 75, 140) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (328°, 62%, 77%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (50, 77, 341°) |
Source | Crayola |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong purplish red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colormulberry is a representation of the color ofmulberry jam or pie. This was aCrayola crayon color from 1958 to 2003.
The first recorded use ofmulberry as a color name in English was in 1776.[37]
Pearly Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #B768A2 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (183, 104, 162) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (316°, 43%, 72%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (55, 54, 323°) |
Source | Crayola |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong reddish purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Pearly purple is one of the colors in the special set of metallic coloredCrayola crayons calledSilver Swirls, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.
Purpureus | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #9A4EAE |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (154, 78, 174) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (288°, 55%, 68%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (46, 70, 297°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS[usurped] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
This color is namedpurpureus. Another name for this color ispurpura.
The first recorded use its alternative namepurpura as a color name in English was in 1382.[9]
Northwestern Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #4E2A84 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (78, 42, 132) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (264°, 68%, 52%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (27, 59, 277°) |
Source | Northwestern University Brand Guide[38] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep violet |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Northwestern Purple is the official color ofNorthwestern University. Additionally, there are shades and tints that are variations of the base color. Northwestern Purple is a custom ink color and can no longer be referenced by a Pantone number.
KSU Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #512888 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (81, 40, 136) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (266°, 71%, 53%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (27, 62, 277°) |
Source | KSU Brand Guide[39] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep violet |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
For printed material, purple (Pantone #268+)[40] is theofficial school color ofKansas State University. Traditionally, the school has referred to this darker and bluer shade as Royal Purple.[41] [compare withRoyal purple: 17th century]
For the web, #512888 is the official color, even though that hex triplet is not a direct conversion from Pantone 268+.[40]
Pomp and Power | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #86608E |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (134, 96, 142) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (290°, 32%, 56%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (46, 36, 300°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS[usurped] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Moderate purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colorpomp and power is not found in the 1930 first edition of theDictionary of Color by Maerz and Paul, but it is found in the second edition of 1950.[42]
Thenormalized color coordinates for pomp and power are identical toFrench lilac, first recorded as a color name inEnglish in 1814.[43]
Mardi Gras | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #880085 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (136, 0, 133) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (301°, 100%, 53%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (32, 72, 309°) |
Source | Xona.com Color List[44] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid reddish purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The color nameMardi Gras has been in use since 2001 when theXona.com Color List was first promulgated.
Eminence | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #6C3082 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (108, 48, 130) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (284°, 63%, 51%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (32, 55, 293°) |
Source | Xona.com Color List |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The color nameeminence, used since the 1800s,[45] has been in modern use for this color since 2001 when theXona.com Color List was first promulgated.
Byzantium | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #702963 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (112, 41, 99) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (311°, 63%, 44%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (29, 44, 319°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS[46] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep reddish purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
The colorByzantium is a dark tone of purple.
The first recorded use ofbyzantium as a color name inEnglish was in 1926.[47]
Pansy Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #78184A |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (120, 24, 74) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (329°, 80%, 47%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (27, 54, 346°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS[48] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep purplish red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Thepansy flower has varieties that exhibit three different colors:pansy (a color between indigo and violet),pansy pink, andpansy purple.
The first recorded use ofpansy purple as a color name in English was in 1814.[49]
Palatinate | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #72246C |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (114, 36, 108) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (305°, 68%, 45%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (29, 50, 312°) |
Source | Durham University[50][51] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep reddish purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Palatinate is a color (a pale shade of violet) associated with theUniversity of Durham (and withNewcastle University Medical School, this being the former medical school of Durham University.) A separate color, 'Palatinate Blue', is derived from the coat of arms ofCounty Durham. The name 'Palatinate' in both instances alludes to the historic status of Durham as aCounty Palatine.
Dark Purple | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Hex triplet | #301934 |
sRGBB (r,g,b) | (48, 25, 52) |
HSV (h,s,v) | (291°, 52%, 20%) |
CIELChuv (L,C,h) | (13, 15, 300°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS[52] |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Very dark purple |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Dark purple is the dark tone of purple.