| Developed by | Brian Reid, Scribe Systems |
|---|---|
| Type of format | Markup language |
| Extended to | Texinfo |
| Open format? | Yes |
Scribe is a markup language andword processing system that pioneered the use ofdescriptive markup.[1][2] Scribe was revolutionary when it was proposed, because it involved for the first time a cleanseparation of presentation and content.[3][4][5]
Scribe was designed and developed byBrian Reid ofCarnegie Mellon University. It formed the subject ofhis 1980 doctoral dissertation, for which he received theAssociation for Computing Machinery'sGrace Murray Hopper Award in 1982.[1]
Reid presented a paper describing Scribe in the same conference session in 1981 in whichCharles Goldfarb presentedGML (developed in 1969),[6] the immediate predecessor ofSGML.
In 1979, at the end of his graduate-student career, Reid sold Scribe to a Pittsburgh-area software company called Unilogic (later renamed Scribe Systems[7]), founded byMichael Shamos, another Carnegie Mellon computer scientist, to market the program. Reid said he simply was looking for a way to unload the program on developers that would keep it from going into the public domain.
Michael Shamos was embroiled in a dispute with Carnegie Mellon administrators over the intellectual-property rights to Scribe. The dispute with the administration was settled out of court, and the university conceded it had no claim to Scribe.[8]
Reid agreed to insert a set of time-dependent functions (called "time bombs") that would deactivate freely copied versions of the program after a 90-day expiration date. To avoid deactivation, users paid the software company, which then issued a code that defused the internal time-bomb feature.
Richard Stallman saw this as a betrayal of the programmerethos. Instead of honoring the notion of "share-and-share alike", Reid had inserted a way for companies to compel programmers to pay for information access.[9]
Stallman'sTexinfo is "loosely based on Brian Reid's Scribe and other formatting languages of the time"[citation needed].[10]
Using Scribe involved a two phase process:
The Scribe markup language defined the words, lines, pages, spacing, headings, footings, footnotes, numbering, tables of contents, etc. in a way similar toHTML. The Scribe compiler used a database of Styles (containing document format definitions), which defined the rules for formatting a document in a particular style.
Because of the separation between the content (structure) of the document, and its style (format), writers did not need to concern themselves with the details of formatting. In this, there are similarities to theLaTeX document preparation system byLeslie Lamport.
The idea of using markup language, in which meta-information about the document and its formatting were contained within the document itself, first saw widespread use in a program calledRUNOFF; Scribe contained the first robust implementation of declarative markup language.[11]
In Scribe, markup was introduced with an @ sign, followed either by a Begin-End block or by a direct token invocation:
@Heading(The Beginning)@Begin(Quotation) Let's start at the very beginning, a very good place to start@End(Quotation)
It was also possible to pass parameters:
@MakeSection(tag=beginning, title="The Beginning")
Typically, large documents were composed of Chapters, with each chapter in a separate file. These files were then referenced by a master document file, thereby concatenating numerous components into a single large source document. The master file typically also defined styles (such as fonts and margins) and declared macros like MakeSection shown above; macros had limited programmatic features. From that single concatenated source, Scribe computed chapter numbers, page numbers, and cross-references.
These processes replicate features in later markup languages likeHTML. Placing styles in a separate file gave some advantages likeCascading Style Sheets, and programmed macros presaged the document manipulation aspects ofJavaScript.
TheFinalWord word processor fromMark of the Unicorn, which becameBorland'sSprint, featured a markup language which resembled a simplified version of Scribe's.Before being packaged as FinalWord, earlier versions of the editor and formatter had been sold separately asMINCE ("MINCE Is Not CompleteEmacs") and Scribble respectively.
LaTeX extendsTeX with the descriptive markup ideas of Scribe.
For his contributions in the area of computerized text-production and typesetting systems, specifically Scribe which represents a major advance in this area. It embodies several innovations based on computer science research in programming language design, knowledge-based systems, computer document processing, and typography.
Brian Reid. Ground-breaking text-formatting language. Reason for Reid getting a Hopper Medal in 1982.
Brian Reid's work with markup systems began in the 1970s. He independently invented and implemented descriptive markup and developed its theory. His Scribe system may have been the cleanest separation of structure and format ever built. His dissertation on it was already complete in 1981, the year he presented in Lausanne in the same session where Charles Goldfarb publicly presented GML; SGML was proposed about a year later
"Generalized", "generic", or "descriptive" markup has been discovered several times, apparently independently. Scribe [Reid 1981] is an early formatter based on structure rather than formatting commands.
For Reid, the deal was a win-win. Scribe didn't fall into the public domain, and Unilogic recouped on its investment. For Stallman, it was a betrayal of the programmer ethos, pure and simple. Instead of honoring the notion of share-and-share alike, Reid had inserted a way for companies to compel programmers to pay for information access.