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School of Antioch

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TheCatechetical School of Antioch was one of the two major Christian centers of the study of biblicalexegesis andtheology duringLate Antiquity; the other was theSchool of Alexandria. This group was known by this name because the advocates of this tradition were based in the city ofAntioch inTurkey, one of the major cities of the ancientRoman Empire. Although there were early interpreters from Antioch, likeTheophilus of Antioch, the proper school of exegesis at Antioch belongs to the period of the late fourth and the fifth centuries.^[1]

While the Christian intellectuals of Alexandria emphasized theallegorical interpretation of Scriptures and tended toward aChristology that emphasized the union of the human and the divine, those in Antioch held to a more literal and occasionallytypological exegesis and a Christology that emphasized the distinction between the human and the divine in the person ofJesus Christ.^[2] They rejected notions of instantaneous creation held by other figures such asAugustine, and instead literally held to the notion of the progressive creation of theGenesis creation narrative: those things created on the sixth day did not exist in the fifth, that made on the fifth day did not exist in the fourth, and so on. Advocates includedAcacius of Caesarea,Severian of Gabala,Theodore of Mopsuestia,Theodoret, and others.^[3]

Nestorius, before becoming Patriarch of Constantinople, had also been a monk at Antioch and had there become imbued with the principles of the Antiochene theological school.^[4]

Periods

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The school of Antioch is best divided into three periods:

The early school (170–early fourth century)

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The earliest author known of this period isTheophilus of Antioch. Then there is a gap of a century and in the first half of the fourth century there are three known antiochene authors: the best known isEusebius of Emesa; other representatives areAcacius of Caesarea and Theodore bishop of Heraklea.

The middle school (350–433)

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This period includes at least three different generations:Diodorus of Tarsus, who directed an ἀσκητήριον (school) he may have founded. Among his disciples, the best known areJohn Chrysostom andTheodore of Mopsuestia. The main figure of the third generation wasNestorius.

The late school (after 433)

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After theCouncil of Ephesus (431), the School of Antioch lost some of its prestige.^[2] However, after theCouncil of Chalcedon (451), the Antiochian school became the sole theological school withinEastern andWestern Christianity, where theOriental Orthodox adopted theAlexandrian School of Theology.^{[citation needed]} Apparently only two later authors are known:Basil of Seleucia andGennadius of Constantinople.^{[citation needed]}

References

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Citations

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^Brown 2019, p. 35.
^^a ^bCross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005)."Antiochene theology".The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 79.ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
^Brown 2019, p. 36–41.
^Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005)."Nestorius".The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. pp. 1145–1146.ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.