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Inelectronics, aSchmitt trigger is acomparator circuit withhysteresis implemented by applyingpositive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is anactive circuit which converts ananalog input signal to adigital output signal. The circuit is named atrigger because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. In the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a chosen threshold, the output is high. When the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold the output is low, and when the input is between the two levels the output retains its value. This dual threshold action is calledhysteresis and implies that the Schmitt trigger possessesmemory and can act as abistable multivibrator (latch orflip-flop). There is a close relation between the two kinds of circuits: a Schmitt trigger can be converted into a latch and a latch can be converted into a Schmitt trigger.
Schmitt trigger devices are typically used insignal conditioning applications to remove noise from signals used in digital circuits, particularly mechanicalcontact bounce inswitches. They are also used inclosed loopnegative feedback configurations to implementrelaxation oscillators, used infunction generators andswitching power supplies.
In signal theory, a schmitt trigger is essentially a one-bitquantizer.
The Schmitt trigger was invented by American scientistOtto H. Schmitt in 1934 while he was a graduate student,[1] later described in his doctoral dissertation (1937) as athermionic trigger.[2] It was a direct result of Schmitt's study of the neural impulse propagation insquid nerves.[2]
Circuits with hysteresis are based on positive feedback. Any active circuit can be made to behave as a Schmitt trigger by applying positive feedback so that theloop gain is more than one. The positive feedback is introduced by adding a part of the output voltage to the input voltage. These circuits contain anattenuator (the B box in the figure on the right) and anadder (the circle with "+" inside) in addition to an amplifier acting as a comparator. There are three specific techniques for implementing this general idea. Thefirst two of them are dual versions (series and parallel) of the general positive feedback system. In these configurations, the output voltage increases the effective difference input voltage of the comparator by "decreasing the threshold" or by "increasing the circuit input voltage"; the threshold and memory properties are incorporated in one element. In thethird technique, the threshold and memory properties are separated.
Dynamic threshold (series feedback): when the input voltage crosses the threshold in either direction, the circuit itself changes its own threshold to the opposite direction. For this purpose, it subtracts a part of its output voltage from the threshold (it is equal to adding voltage to the input voltage). Thus the output affects the threshold and does not affect the input voltage. These circuits are implemented by a differential amplifier with "series positive feedback" where the input is connected to the inverting input and the inverted output to the non-inverting input. In this arrangement, attenuation and summation are separated: a voltage divider acts as an attenuator and the loop acts as a simpleseries voltage summer. Examples are the classic transistoremitter-coupled Schmitt trigger, theop-amp inverting Schmitt trigger, etc.
Modified input voltage (parallel feedback): when the input voltage crosses the threshold in either direction the circuit changes its input voltage in the same direction (now it adds a part of its output voltage directly to the input voltage). Thus the output augments the input voltage and does not affect the threshold. These circuits can be implemented by a single-ended non-inverting amplifier with "parallel positive feedback" where the input and the output sources are connected through resistors to the input. The two resistors form a weightedparallel summer incorporating both the attenuation and summation. Examples are the less familiarcollector-base coupled Schmitt trigger, theop-amp non-inverting Schmitt trigger, etc.
Some circuits and elements exhibitingnegative resistance can also act in a similar way:negative impedance converters (NIC),neon lamps,tunnel diodes (e.g., a diode with an N-shaped current–voltage characteristic in the first quadrant), etc. In the last case, an oscillating input will cause the diode to move from one rising leg of the "N" to the other and back again as the input crosses the rising and falling switching thresholds.
Two different unidirectional thresholds are assigned in this case to two separate open-loop comparators (without hysteresis) driving abistable multivibrator (latch) orflip-flop. The trigger is toggled high when the input voltage crosses down to up the high threshold and low when the input voltage crosses up to down the low threshold. Again, there is a positive feedback, but now it is concentrated only in the memory cell. Examples are the555 timer and the switch debouncing circuit.[3]
The symbol for Schmitt triggers in circuit diagrams is a triangle with a symbol inside representing its ideal hysteresis curve.
The original Schmitt trigger is based on thedynamic threshold idea that is implemented by avoltage divider with a switchable upper leg (the collector resistors RC1 and RC2) and a steady lower leg (RE). Q1 acts as acomparator with adifferential input (Q1 base-emitter junction) consisting of an inverting (Q1 base) and a non-inverting (Q1 emitter) inputs. The input voltage is applied to the inverting input; the output voltage of the voltage divider is applied to the non-inverting input thus determining its threshold. The comparator output drives the secondcommon collector stage Q2 (anemitter follower) through the voltage divider R1-R2. The emitter-coupled transistors Q1 and Q2 actually compose an electronicdouble throw switch that switches over the upper legs of the voltage divider and changes the threshold in a different (to the input voltage) direction.
This configuration can be considered as adifferential amplifier with series positive feedback between its non-inverting input (Q2 base) and output (Q1 collector) that forces the transition process. There is also a smaller negative feedback introduced by the emitter resistor RE. To make the positive feedback dominate over the negative one and to obtain a hysteresis, the proportion between the two collector resistors is chosen so that RC1 > RC2. Thus less current flows through and there is less voltage drop across RE when Q1 is switched on than in the case when Q2 is switched on. As a result, the circuit has two different thresholds in regard to ground (V− in the image).
Initial state. For the NPN transistors shown on the right, imagine the input voltage is below the shared emitter voltage (high threshold for concreteness) so that the Q1 base-emitter junction is reverse-biased and Q1 does not conduct. The Q2 base voltage is determined by the divider described above so that Q2 is conducting and the trigger output is in the low state. The two resistors RC2 and RE form another voltage divider that determines the high threshold. Neglecting VBE, the high threshold value is approximately
The output voltage is low but well above ground. It is approximately equal to the high threshold and may not be low enough to be a logical zero for subsequent digital circuits. This may require an additional level shifting circuit following the trigger circuit.
Crossing up the high threshold. When the input voltage (Q1 base voltage) rises slightly above the voltage across the emitter resistor RE (the high threshold), Q1 begins conducting. Its collector voltage goes down and Q2 starts toward cutoff, because the voltage divider now provides lower Q2 base voltage. The common emitter voltage follows this change and goes down, making Q1 conduct more. The current begins to steer from the right leg of the circuit to the left one. Although Q1 is conducting more, it passes less current through RE (since RC1 > RC2); the emitter voltage continues dropping and the effective Q1 base-emitter voltage continuously increases. This avalanche-like process continues until Q1 becomes completely turned on (saturated) and Q2 turned off. The trigger transitions to the high state and the output (Q2's collector) voltage is close to V+. Now the two resistors RC1 and RE form a voltage divider that determines the low threshold. Its value is approximately
Crossing down the low threshold. With the trigger now in the high state, if the input voltage drops enough (below the low threshold), Q1 begins cutting off. Its collector current reduces; as a result, the shared emitter voltage drops slightly and Q1's collector voltage rises significantly. The R1-R2 voltage divider conveys this change to the Q2 base voltage and it begins conducting. The voltage across RE rises, further reducing the Q1 base-emitter potential in the same avalanche-like manner, and Q1 ceases to conduct. Q2 becomes completely turned on (saturated) and the output voltage becomes low again.
Non-inverting circuit. The classic non-inverting Schmitt trigger can be turned into an inverting trigger by taking Vout from the emitters instead of from a Q2 collector. In this configuration, the output voltage is equal to the dynamic threshold (the shared emitter voltage) and both the output levels stay away from the supply rails. Another disadvantage is that the load changes the thresholds so, it has to be high enough. The base resistor RB is obligatory to prevent the impact of the input voltage through Q1 base-emitter junction on the emitter voltage.
Direct-coupled circuit. To simplify the circuit, the R1–R2 voltage divider can be omitted connecting Q1 collector directly to Q2 base. The base resistor RB can be omitted as well so that the input voltage source drives directly Q1's base.[4] In this case, the common emitter voltage and Q1 collector voltage are not suitable for outputs. Only Q2 collector should be used as an output since, when the input voltage exceeds the high threshold and Q1 saturates, its base-emitter junction is forward biased and transfers the input voltage variations directly to the emitters. As a result, the common emitter voltage and Q1 collector voltage follow the input voltage. This situation is typical for over-driven transistordifferential amplifiers andECL gates.
Like every latch, the fundamental collector-base coupledbistable circuit operates with hysteresis. It can be converted to a Schmitt trigger by connecting an additional base resistor R to one of the inputs (Q1's base in the figure). The two resistors R and R4 form a parallel voltage summer (the circle in the block diagramabove) that sums output (Q2's collector) voltage and the input voltage, and drives the single-ended transistor "comparator" Q1. When the base voltage crosses the threshold (VBE0 ∞ 0.65 V) in either direction, a part of Q2's collector voltage is added in the same direction to the input voltage. Thus the outputmodifies the input voltage by means of parallel positive feedback and does not affect the threshold (the base-emitter voltage).
The emitter-coupled version has the advantage that the input transistor is reverse biased when the input voltage is quite below the high threshold so the transistor is definitely cut off. This was important when germanium transistors were used for implementing the circuit, and this configuration has continued to be popular. The input base resistor can be omitted, since the emitter resistor limits the current when the input base-emitter junction is forward-biased.
An emitter-coupled Schmitt triggerlogical zero output level may not be low enough and might need an additional output level shifting circuit. The collector-coupled Schmitt trigger has extremely low (almost zero) output atlogical zero.
Schmitt triggers are commonly implemented using anoperational amplifier or a dedicatedcomparator.[nb 2] Anopen-loop op-amp and comparator may be considered as an analog-digital device having analog inputs and a digital output that extracts thesign of the voltage difference between its two inputs.[nb 3] The positive feedback is applied by adding a part of the output voltage to the input voltage inseries orparallel manner. Due to the extremely high op-amp gain, the loop gain is also high enough and provides the avalanche-like process.
In this circuit, the two resistors R1 and R2 form a parallel voltage summer. It adds a part of the output voltage to the input voltage thus augmenting it during and after switching that occurs when the resulting voltage is near ground. Thisparallel positive feedback creates the neededhysteresis that is controlled by the proportion between theresistances of R1 and R2. The output of the parallel voltage summer is single-ended (it produces voltage with respect to ground) so the circuit does not need an amplifier with a differential input. Since conventional op-amps have a differential input, the inverting input is grounded to make the reference point zero volts.
The output voltage always has the same sign as theop-amp input voltage but it does not always have the same sign as thecircuit input voltage (the signs of the two input voltages can differ). When the circuit input voltage is above the high threshold or below the low threshold, the output voltage has the same sign as thecircuit input voltage (the circuit is non-inverting). It acts like a comparator that switches at a different point depending on whether the output of the comparator is high or low. When the circuit input voltage is between the thresholds, the output voltage is undefined and it depends on the last state (the circuit behaves as an elementarylatch).
For instance, if the Schmitt trigger is currently in the high state, the output will be at the positive power supply rail (+VS). The output voltage V+ of the resistive summer can be found by applying thesuperposition theorem:
The comparator will switch when V+=0. Then (the same result can be obtained by applying the current conservation principle). So must drop below to get the output to switch. Once the comparator output has switched to −VS, the threshold becomes to switch back to high. So this circuit creates a switching band centered on zero, with trigger levels (it can be shifted to the left or the right by applying a bias voltage to the inverting input). The input voltage must rise above the top of the band, and then below the bottom of the band, for the output to switch on (plus) and then back off (minus). IfR1 is zero orR2 is infinity (i.e., anopen circuit), the band collapses to zero width, and it behaves as a standard comparator. The transfer characteristic is shown in the picture on the left. The value of the thresholdT is given by and the maximum value of the outputM is the power supply rail.
A unique property of circuits with parallel positive feedback is the impact on the input source.[citation needed] In circuits withnegative parallel feedback (e.g., an inverting amplifier), the virtual ground at the inverting input separates the input source from the op-amp output. Here there is no virtual ground, and the steady op-amp output voltage is applied through R1-R2 network to the input source. The op-amp output passes an opposite current through the input source (it injects current into the source when the input voltage is positive and it draws current from the source when it is negative).
A practical Schmitt trigger with precise thresholds is shown in the figure on the right. The transfer characteristic has exactly the same shape of the previous basic configuration, and the threshold values are the same as well. On the other hand, in the previous case, the output voltage was depending on the power supply, while now it is defined by theZener diodes (which could also be replaced with a singledouble-anode Zener diode). In this configuration, the output levels can be modified by appropriate choice of Zener diode, and these levels are resistant to power supply fluctuations (i.e., they increase thePSRR of the comparator). The resistorR3 is there to limit the current through the diodes, and the resistorR4 minimizes the input voltage offset caused by the comparator's input leakage currents (seelimitations of real op-amps).
In the inverting version, the attenuation and summation are separated. The two resistors R1 and R2 act only as a "pure" attenuator (voltage divider). The input loop acts as aseries voltage summer that adds a part of the output voltage in series to the circuit input voltage. Thisseries positive feedback creates the needed hysteresis that is controlled by the proportion between theresistances of R1 and the whole resistance (R1 and R2). The effective voltage applied to the op-amp input is floating so the op-amp must have a differential input.
The circuit is namedinverting since the output voltage always has an opposite sign to the input voltage when it is out of the hysteresis cycle (when the input voltage is above the high threshold or below the low threshold). However, if the input voltage is within the hysteresis cycle (between the high and low thresholds), the circuit can be inverting as well as non-inverting. The output voltage is undefined and it depends on the last state so the circuit behaves like an elementary latch.
To compare the two versions, the circuit operation will be considered at the same conditions as above. If the Schmitt trigger is currently in the high state, the output will be at the positive power supply rail (+VS). The output voltage V+ of the voltage divider is:
The comparator will switch when Vin = V+. So must exceed above this voltage to get the output to switch. Once the comparator output has switched to −VS, the threshold becomes to switch back to high. So this circuit creates a switching band centered on zero, with trigger levels (it can be shifted to the left or the right by connecting R1 to a bias voltage). The input voltage must rise above the top of the band, and then below the bottom of the band, for the output to switch off (minus) and then back on (plus). IfR1 is zero (i.e., ashort circuit) orR2 is infinity, the band collapses to zero width, and it behaves as a standard comparator.
In contrast with the parallel version, this circuit does not impact on the input source since the source is separated from the voltage divider output by the high op-amp input differential impedance.
In the inverting amplifier voltage drop across resistor (R1) decides the reference voltages i.e., upper threshold voltage (V+) and lower threshold voltages (V−) for the comparison with input signal applied. These voltages are fixed as the output voltage and resistor values are fixed.
so by changing the drop across (R1) threshold voltages can be varied. By adding a bias voltage in series with resistor (R1) drop across it can be varied, which can change threshold voltages. Desired values of reference voltages can be obtained by varying bias voltage.
The above equations can be modified as:
Schmitt triggers are typically used in open loop configurations for noise immunity andclosed loop configurations to implementfunction generators.
One application of a Schmitt trigger is to increase the noise immunity in a circuit with only a single input threshold. With only one input threshold, anoisy input signal[nb 4] near that threshold could cause the output to switch rapidly back and forth from noise alone. A noisy Schmitt Trigger input signal near one threshold can cause only one switch in output value, after which it would have to move beyond the other threshold in order to cause another switch.
For example, anamplifiedinfraredphotodiode may generate an electric signal that switches frequently between its absolute lowest value and its absolute highest value. This signal is thenlow-pass filtered to form a smooth signal that rises and falls corresponding to the relative amount of time the switching signal is on and off. That filtered output passes to the input of a Schmitt trigger. The net effect is that the output of the Schmitt trigger only passes from low to high after a received infrared signal excites the photodiode for longer than some known period, and once the Schmitt trigger is high, it only moves low after the infrared signal ceases to excite the photodiode for longer than a similar known period. Whereas the photodiode is prone to spurious switching due to noise from the environment, the delay added by the filter and Schmitt trigger ensures that the output only switches when there is certainly an input stimulating the device.
Schmitt triggers are common in many switching circuits for similar reasons (e.g., forswitch debouncing).
The following7400 series devices include a Schmitt trigger on their input(s): (seeList of 7400-series integrated circuits)
A number of4000 series devices include a Schmitt trigger on their inputs(s): (seeList of 4000-series integrated circuits)
Schmitt input configurable single-gate chips: (seeList of 7400-series integrated circuits#One gate chips)
A Schmitt trigger is abistable multivibrator, and it can be used to implement another type of multivibrator, therelaxation oscillator. This is achieved by connecting a single RC integrating circuit between the output and the input of an inverting Schmitt trigger. The output will be a continuoussquare wave whosefrequency depends on the values of R and C, and the threshold points of the Schmitt trigger. Since multiple Schmitt trigger circuits can be provided by a singleintegrated circuit (e.g. the4000 seriesCMOS device type 40106 contains 6 of them), a spare section of the IC can be quickly pressed into service as a simple and reliable oscillator with only two external components.
Here, a comparator-based Schmitt trigger is used in itsinverting configuration. Additionally, slow negative feedback is added with an integratingRC network. The result, which is shown on the right, is that the output automatically oscillates fromVSS toVDD as the capacitor charges from one Schmitt trigger threshold to the other.
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