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List of Latin-script trigraphs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromSch (trigraph))

A number oftrigraphs are found in the Latin script.

A

[edit]

aai is used for/aːi̯/ inDutch and variousCantonese romanisations.

abh is used for/əu̯/ (/oː/ inUlster) in Irish.

adh is used for/əi̯/ (/eː/ in Ulster) in Irish, when stressedor for/ə/ (/uː/ in Mayo and Ulster), when unstressed word-finally.

aei is used for/eː/ in Irish.

agh is used for/əi̯/ (/eː/ in Ulster) in Irish.

aim is used for/ɛ̃/ (/ɛm/ before a vowel) inFrench.

ain is used for/ɛ̃/ (/ɛn/ before a vowel) in French. It also represents/ɛ̃/ inTibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively writtenän.

aío is used for/iː/ in Irish, betweenbroad consonants.

air is used for/ɛː/ inRP, as inchair.

amh is used for/əu̯/ in Irish.

aoi is used for/iː/ in Irish, between a broad and aslender consonant.

aon is used for/ɑ̃/ (/ɑn/ before a vowel) in French.

aou is used for/u/ in French.

aoû is used in a few words in French for/u/.

aqh is used for thestrident vowel/a᷽/ inTaa (If IPA does not display properly, it is an⟨a⟩ with a double tilde⟨≈⟩ underneath.)

B–C

[edit]

bhf is used for/w/ and/vʲ/ in Irish. It is used for theeclipsis of⟨f⟩.

cʼh is used for/x/ (avoiceless velar fricative) inBreton. It should not be confused withch, which represents/ʃ/ (avoiceless postalveolar fricative).

cci is used for/tʃː/ before⟨a⟩,⟨o⟩,⟨u⟩ in Italian.

ccs is used for[tʃː] in Hungarian for germinated⟨cs⟩. It is collated as⟨cs⟩ rather than as⟨c⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨cs⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence⟨cscs⟩.

chd is used for/dʒ/ inEskayan romanised orthography and/xk/ inScottish Gaelic.

chh is used for/tʃʰ/ inQuechua and romanizations ofIndic languages

chj is used in for/c/ inCorsican.

chw is used for/w/ in southern dialects ofWelsh

D

[edit]

dch is used for theprevoiced aspirated affricate/d͡tʃʰ/ inJuǀʼhoan.

ddh is used for the dental affricate/tθ/ inChipewyan.

ddz is a long Hungarian⟨dz⟩,[dːz]. It is collated as⟨dz⟩ rather than as⟨d⟩. It is not used within roots, where⟨dz⟩ may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence *⟨dzdz⟩. Examples areeddze, lopóddzon.

djx is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate/d͡tʃᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.

dlh is used for/tˡʰ/ in theRomanized Popular Alphabet ofHmong.

drz is used for/dʒ/ in English transcriptions of thePolish digraph.

dsh is used for the foreign sound/dʒ/ in German. A common variant is the tetragraphdsch. It is used inJuǀʼhoan for theprevoiced aspirated affricate/d͡tsʰ/.

dsj is used for foreign loan words with/dʒ/Norwegian. Sometimes the digraphdj is used.

dtc is used for the voicedpalatal click/ᶢǂ/ inNaro.

dzh is used for/dʒ/ in English transcriptions of theRussian digraphдж. In the practical orthography ofTaa, where it represents the prevoiced affricate/dtsʰ/.

dzi is used for/dʑ/ when it precedes a vowel and/dʑi/ otherwise inPolish, and is considered a variant of thedigraph appearing in other situations.

dzs is used for thevoiced palato-alveolar affricate/dʒ/ inHungarian

dzv is used for thewhistled sibilant affricate/d͡z̤ᵝ/ inShona.

dzx is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate/d͡tsᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.

E

[edit]

eai is used for/a/ in Irish, betweenslender consonants. It is also used inFrench for/e/ after⟨g⟩.

eái is used for/aː/ in Irish, between slender consonants.

eau is used for/o/ in French and is a word itself meaning "water".

eaw is used for/ɐʏ/ inLancashire dialect.

eeu is used for/iːu/ inAfrikaans.

ein is used for/ɛ̃/ (/ɛn/ before a vowel) in French.

eoi is used for/oː/ in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in CantoneseJyutping for/ɵy̯/.

eqh is used for thestrident vowel/e᷽/ in the practical orthography ofTaa (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an⟨e⟩ with a double tilde⟨≈⟩ underneath).

eui is used in CantoneseYale romanisation for/ɵy̯/.

F

[edit]

fnd is used for/mt/ inIcelandic.

fnt is used for/m̥t/ in Icelandic.

G

[edit]

geü is used for/ʒy/ inFrench words such asvergeüre.

ggi is used for/dʒː/ before⟨a⟩,⟨o⟩,⟨u⟩ in Italian.

ggj is used for/ʝː/ in theNynorsk Norwegian standard; e.g.,leggja "lay".

ggw is used for ejective/kʷʼ/ inHadza.

ggy is used for[ɟː] in Hungarian as a geminated⟨gy⟩. It is collated as⟨gy⟩ rather than as⟨g⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨gy⟩ are brought together in a compound

ghj is used for/ɟ/ inCorsican.

ghw is used for a labialized velar/uvular/ʁʷ/ inChipewyan. In CanadianTlingit it represents/qʷ/, which is writtengw⟩ in Alaska. It is also used for/ɣʷ/ inGwich'in.

gli is used for/ʎː/ before a vowel other than⟨i⟩ inItalian.

gln is used for/ŋn/ inTalossan.

gni is used for/ɲ/ in a few French words such aschâtaignier/ʃɑtɛɲe/.

gqh is used for theprevoiced affricate/ɢqʰ/ in the practical orthography ofTaa.

guë andgüe are used for/ɡy/ at the ends of words that end in the feminine suffix-e in French. E.g.aiguë "sharp" andambiguë "ambiguous". In theFrench spelling reform of 1990, it was recommended that traditional⟨guë⟩ be changed to⟨güe⟩.

gǃhgǀhgǁhgǂh are used inJuǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced aspirated clicks,/ᶢᵏǃʰ,ᶢᵏǀʰ,ᶢᵏǁʰ,ᶢᵏǂʰ/.

gǃkgǀkgǁkgǂk are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricateejective-contour clicks,/ᶢᵏǃ͡χʼ,ᶢᵏǀ͡χʼ,ᶢᵏǁ͡χʼ,ᶢᵏǂ͡χʼ/.

gǃxgǀxgǁxgǂx are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricatepulmonic-contour clicks,/ᶢᵏǃ͡χ,ᶢᵏǀ͡χ,ᶢᵏǁ͡χ,ᶢᵏǂ͡χ/.

H

[edit]

hhw is used for a labialized velar/uvular/χʷ/ inChipewyan.

hky is used for the aspirated voiceless post-alveolar affricate/t͡ʃʰ/ in some romanizations ofBurmese ချ or ခြ.

hml is used for/m̥ˡ/ in theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong.

hny is used for/ɲ̥/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

I

[edit]

idh is used for an unstressed word-final/əj/ inIrish, which is realised as/iː/,/ə/ and/əɟ/ depending on dialect.

ieë represents/iː/ inAfrikaans.

igh is used for an unstressed word-final/əj/ inIrish, which is realised as/iː/,/ə/ and/əɟ/ depending on dialect. In English it may be used for/aɪ/, e.g.light/laɪt/.

ign is used for/ɲ/ in a fewFrench words such asoignon/ɔɲɔ̃/ "onion" andencoignure "corner". It was eliminated in theFrench spelling reform of 1990, but continues to be used.

ije is used for/je/ or/jeː/ in theijekavian reflex ofSerbo-Croatian.

ilh is used for/ʎ/ inBreton.

ill is used for/j/ in French, as inépouiller/epuje/.

iqh is used for thestrident vowel/i᷽/ in the practical orthography ofTaa. (If IPA does not display properly, it is an⟨i⟩ with a double tilde⟨≈⟩ underneath.)

iúi is used for/uː/ in Irish, betweenslender consonants.

J–L

[edit]

khu is used for/kʷʼ/ inOssete.

khw is used for/qʷʰ/ in CanadianTlingit, which is writtenkw⟩ in Alaska. It is also used for/xʷ/ inGwich'in.

kkj is used for/çː/ in theNynorsk Norwegian standard, e.g. inikkje "not".

kng is used for/ᵏŋ/ inArrernte.

k'u is used for/kʷʰ/ inPurépecha.

kw' is used for/kʷʼ/ inNuxalk.

kwh is a common convention for/kʷʰ/.

lhw is used for/l̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.

lli is used for/j/ after/i/ in a fewFrench words, such ascoquillier.

lly is used for[jː~ʎː] in Hungarian as a geminated⟨ly⟩. It is collated as⟨ly⟩ rather than as⟨l⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨ly⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence⟨lyly⟩.

lyw is used for/ʎʷ/ in Arrernte.

M

[edit]

mbw is used for/ᵐbʷ/ inShona.

mpt is used for the/w̃t/ sound inPortuguese.

N

[edit]

nch is used for/ɲɟʱ/ in theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong.

ndl is used for/ndˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. InXhosa is represents/ndɮ/.

ndz is used for/ndz/ in Xhosa.

ngʼ is used for/ŋ/ inSwahili. Technically, it may be considered a digraph rather than a trigraph, as⟨ʼ⟩ is not a letter of the Swahili alphabet.

ngb is used for/ⁿɡ͡b/, aprenasalised⟨gb⟩/ɡ͡b/, in some African orthographies.

ngc is used for/ŋǀʱ/ in Xhosa.

ngg is used for/ŋɡ/ in several languages such asFilipino andMalay that use⟨ng⟩ for/ŋ/.

ngh is used for/ŋ/, before⟨e⟩,⟨i⟩, and⟨y⟩, inVietnamese. InWelsh, it represents avoiceless velar nasal (ac under thenasal mutation). InXhosa,⟨ngh⟩ represents a murmuredvelar nasal.

ng'h is used for voiceless/ŋ̊/ inGogo.

ngk is used for a backvelar stop,/ⁿɡ̠~ⁿḵ/, inYanyuwa

ngm is used fordoubly articulated consonant/ŋ͡m/ inYélî Dnye ofPapua New Guinea.

ngq is used for/ŋǃʱ/ in Xhosa.

ngv is used for/ŋʷ/ inBouyei andStandard Zhuang.

ngw is used/ŋʷ/ or/ŋɡʷ/ in the orthographies of several languages.

ngx is used for/ŋǁʱ/ in Xhosa.

nhw is used for/n̪ʷ/ inArrernte.

nkc is info for/ŋ.ǀ/ in Xhosa.

nkh is used in for/ŋɡʱ/ theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong.

nkp is used for/ⁿk͡p/, aprenasalized/k͡p/, in some African orthographies.

nkq is used for thealveolar click/ŋ.ǃ/ in Xhosa.

nkx is used for the prenasalizedlateral click/ŋ.ǁ/ in Xhosa.

nng is used inInuktitut andGreenlandic to write a long (geminate) velar nasal,/ŋː/.

nny is a long Hungarian⟨ny⟩,[ɲː]. It is collated as⟨ny⟩ rather than as⟨n⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨ny⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence⟨nyny⟩.

nph is used for/mbʱ/ in theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong.

npl is used for/mbˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

nqh is used for/ɴɢʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

nrh is used for/ɳɖʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

ntc is used for the click/ᵑǂ/ inNaro.

nth is used for/ndʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In thetranscription of Australian Aboriginal languages such asYanyuwa it represents a dental stop,/n̪t̪~n̪d̪/.

ntj is used for/nt͡ʃ/ inCypriot Arabic.

ntl is used for/ntɬʼ/ inXhosa.

nts is used for/ɳɖʐ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. InMalagasy it represents/ⁿts/.

ntx is used for/ndz/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

nyh is used for/n̤ʲ/ in Xhosa. InGogo it's voiceless/ɲ̊/.

nyk is used for a pre-velar stop,/ⁿɡ̟~ⁿk̟/ inYanyuwa.

nyw is used for/ɲʷ/ inArrernte.

nzv is used for the prenasalizedwhistled sibilant/ⁿz̤ᵝ/ inShona.

nǃhnǀhnǁhnǂh are used in Juǀʼhoan for its fourmurmured nasal clicks,/ᵑǃʱ,ᵑǀʱ,ᵑǁʱ,ᵑǂʱ/.

O

[edit]

obh is used for/əu̯/ (/oː/ inUlster) inIrish.

odh is used for/əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.

oeë is used for/uː/ inAfrikaans.

oei is used for/uiː/ in Dutch and Afrikaans.

oen is that represents aWalloon nasal vowel.

oeu is used for/ø/ and/øː/ in theClassical Milanese orthography for the Milanese dialect ofLombard.

ogh is used for/əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.

oin is used for/wɛ̃/ (/wɛn/ before a vowel) inFrench. InTibetan Pinyin, it represents/ø̃/ and is alternatelyön.

oío is used for/iː/ in Irish, betweenbroad consonants.

omh is used for/oː/ in Irish.

ooi is used for/oːi̯/ inDutch andAfrikaans.

oqh is used for thestrident vowel/o᷽/ in the practical orthography ofTaa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an⟨o⟩ with a double tilde⟨≈⟩ underneath.)

P–R

[edit]

p'h is used inKuanua, inp'hoq̄e'ẽ "water".

plh is used for/pˡʰ/ in theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong.

pmw is used for/ᵖmʷ/ inArrernte.

pqb is used for/ᵖqᵇ/ in Soninke.

pss is used for/psˤ/ inSilesian.

que is used for final/k/ in some English words of French origin, such asmacaque,oblique,opaque, andtorque.

quh is used for/k/ in several English names of Scots origin, such asSanquhar,Farquhar, andUrquhart or/h/, as inColquhoun.

qw' is used for/qʷʼ/ inNuxalk.

qxʼ is used for the affricate/qχʼ/ in the practical orthography ofTaa.

rlw is used for/ɭʷ/ in Arrernte.

rnd is used for a retroflex stop/ɳʈ~ɳɖ/ inYanyuwa.

rng is used for[ɴŋ], a uvular nasal followed by velar nasal, inInuktitut.

rnw is used for/ɳʷ/ in Arrernte.

rrh is used for/r/ in words of Greek derivation such asdiarrhea.

rrw is used for/rʷ/ in Arrernte.

rsk is used for thesje sound/ɧ/ inSwedish as in the wordmarskalk/'maɧalk/ "marshal".

rtn is used for/ʈɳ/ in Arrernte.

rtw is used for/ʈʷ/ in Arrernte.

S

[edit]

sch is used for[ʃ] inGerman and other languages influenced by it such asLow German andRomansh. It is used for thesje sound/ɧ/ inSwedish at the end of a French loanword; e.g.,marsch (fr.marche), or in Greek loanwords, such asschema ("schedule") andischias. InWalloon, it represents a consonant that is variously/h/,/ʃ/,/ç/, or/sk/, depending on the dialect. In English,⟨sch⟩ is usually used for/sk/, but the wordschedule (from theLate Latinschedula) can be/sk/ or/ʃ/ depending on dialect. In Dutch, it may represent word-final[s], as in the common suffix-isch and in some (sur)names, like Bosch andDen Bosch. In theRheinische Dokumenta,⟨sch⟩ is used to denote the sounds[ʃ],[ɕ] and[ʂ], while⟨sch⟩ with an arc below denotes[ʒ].

sci is used inItalian for/ʃː/ before⟨a⟩,⟨o⟩,⟨u⟩.

shʼ is used in BolivianQuechua for/ʂ/.

shr is used inGwich'in for[ʂ].

skj represents a fricative phoneme/ʃ/ in someScandinavian languages. InFaroese (e.g.at skjóta "to shoot") and inNorwegian (e.g.kanskje "maybe"), it is a usually the voiceless postalveolar fricative[ʃ]. InSwedish (e.g.skjorta "shirt") it is often realised as thesje sound[ɧ].

ssi is used for/ʃ/ in English such as inmission. It is used in a few French loanwords inSwedish for thesje sound/ɧ/, e.g.assiett "dessert plate".

ssj is used for thesje sound/ɧ/ in a few Swedish words between two short vowels, such ashässja "hayrack".

ssz is a long Hungarian⟨sz⟩,[sː]. It is collated as⟨sz⟩ rather than as⟨s⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨sz⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence⟨szsz⟩.

sth is found in words of Greek origin. In French, it is pronounced/s/ before a consonant, as inisthme andasthme; in American English, it is pronounced/s/ inisthmus and/z/ inasthma.

stj is used for thesje sound/ɧ/ in 5 native Swedish words, it can also represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative/ʃ/ or the consonant cluster/stʲ/ inNorwegian depending on dialect.

sze is used for/siː/ inCantonese romanization.

s-c ands-cc are used for the sequence/stʃ/ inPiedmontese.

s-g ands-gg are used for the sequence/zdʒ/ in Piedmontese.

T

[edit]

tcg is used for the click/ǂχ/ inNaro.

tch is used for the aspirated click/ǂʰ/ in Naro, the aspirated affricate/tʃʰ/ inSandawe,Hadza andJuǀʼhoan, and the affricate/tʃ/ inFrench andPortuguese. In modernWalloon it is/tʃ/, which used to be writtench. InSwedish it is used for the affricate/tʃ/ in a small number of English loanwords, such asmatch andbatch. In English it is a variant of the digraph⟨ch⟩, used in situations similar to those that trigger the digraph⟨ck⟩ for⟨k⟩.

tcx is used for the uvularized affricate/tʃᵡ/ inJuǀʼhoan.

thn andtnh are used for/ᵗ̪n̪/ inArrernte.

ths is used for/tsʰ/ inXhosa. It is often replaced with the ambiguous trigraph⟨tsh⟩.

thw is used for/t̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.

tl' is used for/t͡ɬʰ/ inNuxalk.

tlh is used for/tɬʰ/ in languages such asTswana, and is/tɬ/ in the fictionalKlingon language fromStar Trek, where it istreated as a single letter.

tll is used in Catalan for/ʎː/. In Valencian and Balearic it represents/ʎ/.

tnh andthn are used for/ᵗ̪n̪/ in Arrernte.

tnw is used for/ᵗnʷ/ in Arrernte.

tny is used for/ᶜɲ/ in Arrernte.

ts' is used for/t͡sʼ/ inNuxalk.

tsg is used for/tsχ/ in Naro.

tsh is used in various languages, such asJuǀʼhoan, for the aspirated affricate/tsʰ/. In theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong, it represents the sound/tʂʰ/. InXhosa, it may be used to write/tsʰ/,/tʃʼ/, or/tʃʰ/, though it is sometimes limited to/tʃʼ/, with/tsʰ/ and/tʃʰ/ distinguished as⟨ths⟩ and⟨thsh⟩.

tsj is used for/tʃ/ inDutch andNorwegian.

tsv is used for thewhistled sibilant affricate/t͡sᶲ/ inShona.

tsx is used for the uvularized affricate/tsᵡ/ inJuǀʼhoan.

tsy is used for/tʃ/ or/dʒ/ inSeneca, can also be⟨j⟩.

tsz is used for the syllables/t͡si/ and/t͡sʰi/ inCantonese romanization.

tth is used for dental affricate/tθʰ/ inChipewyan.

ttl is used for ejective/tɬʼ/ inHaida (Bringhurst orthography).

tts is used for ejective/tsʼ/ in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).

tty is used for[cː] in Hungarian as a geminated⟨ty⟩. It is collated as⟨ty⟩ rather than as⟨t⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨ty⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence⟨tyty⟩.

txh is used for/tsʰ/ in theRomanized Popular Alphabet used to writeHmong.

tyh is used for/tʲʰ/ inXhosa.

tyw is used for/cʷ/ inArrernte.

tze is used for/t͡si/ inCantonese names (such asCheung Tze-keung) or inChinese names (such asYangtze).

U–W

[edit]

uío is used for/iː/ inIrish, betweenbroad consonants.

uqh is used for thestrident vowel/u᷽/ in the practical orthography ofTaa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an⟨u⟩ with a double tilde⟨≈⟩ underneath.)

urr is used for/χʷ/ inCentral Alaskan Yup'ik.

X–Z

[edit]

xhw is used for/χʷ/ in CanadianTlingit, which is writtenxw⟩ in Alaska.

zhr is used inGwich'in for[ʐ].

zzs is used for[ʒː] in Hungarian as a geminated⟨zs⟩. It is collated as⟨zs⟩ rather than as⟨z⟩. It is only used within roots; when two⟨zs⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence⟨zszs⟩.

Other

[edit]

ŋgb (capitalŊgb) is used for[ŋ͡mɡ͡b] inKabiye, a pre-nasalized⟨gb⟩.

ǃʼhǀʼhǁʼhǂʼh are used inJuǀʼhoan for its four aspiratednasal clicks,/ᵑ̊ǃʰ,ᵑ̊ǀʰ,ᵑ̊ǁʰ,ᵑ̊ǂʰ/.

ǃkxǀkhǁkxǂkx are used inKhoekhoe for its four plain aspiratedclicks,/ǃʰ,ǀʰ,ǁʰ,ǂʰ/.

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