George Alfred Leon Sarton | |
|---|---|
 George Sarton in 1941 | |
| Born | (1884-08-31)August 31, 1884 Ghent, Belgium |
| Died | March 22, 1956(1956-03-22) (aged 71) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Ghent |
| Known for | Introduction to the History of Science |
| Spouse | Mabel Eleanor Elwes |
| Children | May Sarton |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | History of science |
| Institutions | Carnegie Institution of Washington Harvard University |
| Thesis | Les principes de méchanique de Newton (1911) |
| Notes | |
George Alfred Leon Sarton (/ˈsɑːrtən/; 31 August 1884 – 22 March 1956) was a Belgian-American chemist and historian. He is considered the founder of the discipline of thehistory of science as an independent field of study. His most influential works were theIntroduction to the History of Science, which consists of three volumes and 4,296 pages, and the journalIsis. Sarton ultimately aimed to achieve an integratedphilosophy of science that provided a connection between the sciences and the humanities, which he referred to as "the new humanism".[1]
George Alfred Leon Sarton was born to Léonie Van Halmé and Alfred Sarton on August 31, 1884 inGhent,East Flanders, Belgium. However, within a year of his birth, Sarton's mother died.[1] He attended school first in his hometown before later attending school for a period of four years in the town ofChimay. Sarton enrolled at theUniversity of Ghent in 1902 to study philosophy, but found that the subject did not correspond with his interests and subsequently ceased his studies. In 1904, after a period of reflection, he re-enrolled in the university to study the natural sciences.[2] During his time at the University of Ghent Sarton received several honors. In 1908, the four Belgian universities gave him a gold medal for chemistry, and the city of Ghent gave him a silver laurel for a memoir he wrote.[3] He graduated with his doctorate in 1911 with a thesis incelestial mechanics. Shortly after his graduation, on June 22, 1911, Sarton marriedElanor Mabel Elwes, an artist and distinguished furniture designer. The couple moved to a house inWondelgem where their only child, a daughter,Eleanore Marie or May was born in 1912.[2]
DuringWorld War 1, in August 1914, the German armyinvaded Belgium. At this time Sarton was no longer an official member of Belgium'sCivil Guard. Nevertheless, when the invasion occurred, he reported in and was assigned to patrol the nearby railroad intersection, but encountered no German soldiers that night. UnderGerman occupation, members of the Civil Guard were treated as spies, and Sarton buried his Civil Guard coat in the garden so he would not be taken up and shot as a spy. During the occupation, twenty-six German soldiers were billeted at his house and he was held responsible for the soldiers' safety. If any of the enlisted men staying at his house had not met curfew, Sarton would have been shot.[1] Soon after, the Sarton family fled to England,[2] first traveling to the Netherlands then onward toLondon.[4] They were not able to take many things with them, so the notes for Sarton'sHistory of Science were left buried with his coat. In England, Sarton worked in theWar Office, but he was unable to support a family of three on his salary. He left for the United States in search of a position that would enable him to support his family and allow him to complete his dream of writing theHistory of Science. His wife and daughter followed him to America in September 1915.[2]
Sarton taught at the University of Illinois in the summer of 1915 and received the award of the Prix Binoux of the Académie des Sciences, Paris, for his work in the history of science.[4] He worked for the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace and lectured atHarvard University, 1916–18.[5] While atHarvard University, Sarton lectured in philosophy in the academic year of 1916–1917, and in history of science in the academic year of 1917–1918.[4] Sarton also taught at Teachers College at Columbia University during the summer of 1917.[4] At Harvard, he became a lecturer in 1920, and a professor of thehistory of science from 1940 until his retirement in 1951. He supervised just two PhD students in Harvard's history of science program to completion, the first such PhDs in America:Aydin M. Sayili andI. Bernard Cohen.[6] His other two students, Louise Diehl Patterson andHelen L. Thomas, finished their PhDs at Harvard under Cohen.[6] He was also a research associate of theCarnegie Institution of Washington from 1919 until 1948. After being appointed as research associate, Sarton began planning the revival ofIsis.[4] He was elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1927 and theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1934.[7][8]
Sarton intended to complete an exhaustive nine-volumehistory of science entitled Introduction to the History of Science.[4] During the preparation of the second volume, he learnedArabic and traveled around the Middle East for part of his research, inspecting original manuscripts ofIslamic scientists. During his time in the Middle East, he helped to institutionalize the school of SpanishArabists.[9] Sarton began working with the school of Spanish Arabists in 1928, then led byJulian Ribera y Tarrago andMiguel Asin Palacios.[9] The Spanish Arabists contributed toIsis and Sarton had some of their articles published in Isis.[9] Sarton shared more views in common with the Spanish Arabists than he did with other historians of science. They had similar views on what constitutes science. Sarton and the Spanish also shared similar views ondiffusion. He led a group of scholars who acted as patrons to the Spanish.[10] Sarton acknowledged that Julian Ribera was the leading Spanish Arabist. Sarton also was interested and wrote articles on Ribera's research on the transition of Eastern music to the West. Sarton later associated his interest in scientific diffusion with Ribera's interest in the transmission of music because in medieval times, music was commonly associated with mathematics and a part of thequadrivium. Sarton believed that the Islamic contribution to science was the most "progressive" element in medieval learning and was outraged when Western medieval studies ignored it.[10] By the time of his death, he had completed only the first three volumes: I. From Homer to Omar Khayyam; II. From Rabbi Ben Ezra toRoger Bacon, pt. 1–2; and III. Science and learning in the fourteenth-century, pt. 1–2. Sarton had been inspired for his project by his study ofLeonardo da Vinci, but he had not reached this period in history before dying. However one series of lectures Sarton gave during his first year at Harvard discussed da Vinci and were entitled " Science and Civilization in the Time of Leonardo da Vinci, Scientist and Artist."[4]
After his death (March 22, 1956,Cambridge, Massachusetts), a representative selection of Sarton's papers was edited byDorothy Stimson. It was published by Harvard University Press in 1962.[11]
TheGeorge Sarton Medal is theHistory of Science Society's most prestigious award, given annually since 1955 to honor an outstanding historian of science for lifetime scholarly achievement. Sarton was the founder of the society and of its journalsIsis andOsiris. Sarton editedIsis from 1913 to 1952.[12][2]
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