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Sargam refers to singing thenotes, mostly commonly used inIndian music, instead of the words of acomposition, with use of various ornamentations such asmeend,gamak, kan and khatka, as part of akhyal performance. This is generally done in medium-tempo as a bridge between thealap andtaan portions.
As an example, one could sing PmRSnSRRSRnSPnmPgmnnPmgmRSnS inragaAdana, given that raga'svadi-samvadi and the rules of the raga (seeswara for explanation of the notes).
The musical octave is said to have evolved from the elaborate and elongated chants of Sama Veda, based on these basic swaras. Siksha is the subject that deals with phonetics and pronunciation. Naradiya Siksha elaborately discusses the nature of swaras, both Vedic chants and the octave.
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