TheSacred Cenote (Spanish:cenote sagrado,Latin American Spanish:[ˌsenotesaˈɣɾaðo], "sacred well"; alternatively known as the "Well of Sacrifice") is a water-filledsinkhole inlimestone at thepre-ColumbianMaya archaeological site ofChichen Itza, in the northernYucatán Peninsula. It is located to the north of Chichen Itza's civic precinct, to which it is connected by a 300-metre (980 ft)sacbe, a raised pathway.[1]
According to both Maya and Spanish post-Conquest sources, pre-Columbian Maya deposited valuables and human bodies into thecenote as a form ofsacrifice to the rain godChaac.
Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts ofgold,jade,pottery, andincense, as well as human remains.[2] Beginning in the 1950s several Mexican-driven projects were conducted in the cenote, including a 1961 project that used anairlift dredge.[3][4]
The northwesternYucatán Peninsula is alimestone plain, with no rivers or streams, lakes or ponds. The region is pockmarked with naturalsinkholes, called cenotes, which expose thewater table to the surface. One of the most impressive of these is the Sacred Cenote, which is 60 metres (200 ft) in diameter[5] and surrounded by sheer cliffs that drop to the water table some 27 metres (89 ft) below.
According to sources, the Sacred Cenote was a place of pilgrimage for ancient Maya people who would conduct sacrifices into it.[5] As Friar Diego de Landa observed in 1566 after visiting Chichen Itza:
Most of the major findings in the cenote were made under the supervision ofEdward Herbert Thompson, who begandredging in 1904. Much of what is known about the dredging process is derived from Thompson’s personal notes. Thompson received money fromStephen Salisbury III to help him buy the Chichén Itzá excavation site and explore the cenote. Much of Thompson’s findings and research can be found at thePeabody Museum atHarvard University.[7]
A bucket attached to a pulley system was used to dredge the cenote. Much of the beginning work consisted of clearing debris and fallen trees on the top of the water. Leon Cole, a colleague of Thompson, once recorded in his journal, “they made ten hauls in the morning and six or eight in the afternoon.” People would search through the buckets of water looking for artifacts and categorizing them accordingly. Unfortunately, there were several reports of stolen artifacts that could never be found.[7]
Thompson decided to take a break from dredging after Salisbury died. A host of problems, including theMexican Revolution, and financial issues began to hinder the work effort and damage the morale of the workers. Thompson’s house in Mexico was also burned down, and one of the chests in which he kept his notes and data was destroyed in the fire. By 1923, Thompson was officially done working on the cenote.[7]
In 1909, Thompson decided to dive in the cenote to explore the floors, assisted by two Greek divers fromthe Bahamas. He reported limited visibility due to the murky water, and many shifting rocks and trees made the dive hazardous.[7] Thompson found a layer about 5 metres (16 ft) thick of blue pigment that had settled on the ground of the cenote. He described the bottom as, “full of long narrow cracks, radiating from centers as if the glass bottom of a dish had been broken by a pointed instrument. We found down in the cracks and holes a grayish mud in which were imbedded the heavier gold objects, jades, and copper bells in numbers.” He later proudly proclaimed, “I have at last personally trod the bottom of the Cenote.”[7]
In 1961, theInstituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH) in conjunction with theNational Geographic Society andClub de Exploraciones y Deportes Acauticos de Mexico (CEDAM) conducted another expedition into the cenote. Some of the notable discoveries included an inscribed, gold-sheathed bone, a largechert knife with a gold-sheathed wooden handle, and wooden ear flares with jade and turquoise mosaic.[3][4]
In 1967-1968, Norman Scott and Román Piña Chán led another expedition. They tried two new methods that many people had suggested for a long time: emptying the water out of the cenote and clarifying the water. Both of these methods were only partially successful. Only about 4 metres (13 ft) of water could be removed, and the water was clarified for only a short amount of time.[7]
Archaeological investigations have removed thousands of objects from the bottom of the cenote, including artifacts made from gold, jadeite, copal, pottery, flint,obsidian, shell, wood, rubber, and cloth, as well as human skeletons.[5][8]
Many perishable objects were preserved by the cenote. Wooden objects which normally would have rotted were preserved in the water. A great variety of wooden objects have been found including weapons, scepters, idols, tools, and jewelry. Jade was the largest category of objects found, followed by textiles. The presence of jade, gold and copper in the cenote offers proof of the importance of Chichén Itzá as a cultural city center.
None of these raw materials are native to the Yucatán, which indicates that they were valuable objects brought to Chichén Itzá from other places in Central America and then sacrificed as an act of worship. Pottery, stone, bone and shells were also found in the cenote. Archaeologists have found that many objects show evidence of being intentionally damaged before being thrown into the cenote, and have speculated that this intentional damage is meant to be analogous to “killing” the object as a sacrifice.[9]
Certain cenotes contain a large number of human remains, including both males and females, and young children/infants. Evidence from Maya mythology suggests that many young victims (most aged 6 to 12) were male (de Anda, 2007). While the classical images of a female Maya sacrifice being flung alive to drown in a cenote are pervasive, de Anda's (2007) writings on the subject suggest that most sacrificial victims — juveniles who were either purchased or captured while their parents were working in the fields, warriors captured in battle, or elites captured during conflicts with neighboring clans — were usually (though not always) killed prior to being thrown into the cenote, and in many cases, dozens of miles from the cenotes in which their bodies were eventually deposited. Only a certain set of cenotes were used in this way, while others were reserved for domestic purposes (de Anda 2007). This suggests that Maya religious officiants believed that only certain cenotes led to the underworld, and sacrifices placed in others would serve no purpose. It also suggests that the status of the victim as alive or dead was unimportant. The occasional appearance of human remains in non-sacrificial cenotes can be attributed to rare errors in judgement on the part of the shaman. The actual pattern by which a particular victim's remains became interred in which cenotes remains a point of conjecture.
The Franciscan leaderDiego de Landa reported that he witnessed live sacrifices being thrown into the cenote at Chichén Itzá. However, his account does not indicate the regularity of this practice.[10]
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