Saba has a land area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi).[1] The population was 1,911 in January 2022,[11] with a population density of 147 inhabitants per square kilometre (380/sq mi). It is the smallest territory by permanent population in the Americas. Its towns and major settlements areThe Bottom (the capital),Windwardside,Zion's Hill, andSt. Johns.
Theories about the origin of Saba's name includesiba (theArawakan word for 'rock'),sabot,sábado, andSheba.[12][13] The island was referred to by its present name, Saba, as early as 1595 when it appeared in a voyage account byJohn Hawkins.[13] Before its present name, the island was designated "St. Christopher" (San Cristóbal)[14] byChristopher Columbus.[13]
Indigenous people most likely first set foot on Saba around 1875 BC. On the basis of the navigational skills required, South America seems to have offered the most favourable conditions for reaching Lesser Antillean islands such as Saba.
Over 20pre-Columbian sites have been found in Saba. The main occupation in Saba seems to have occurred between AD 400 and 1450. During this time the inhabitants of Saba were fullhorticulturalists living from the cultivation of root crops and the exploitation of the marine environment. They produced pottery vessels, made tools and sculptured objects from stone, shell, animal, bone, and coral.
Christopher Columbus is said to have sighted the island on 13November 1493, however, he did not land, being deterred by the island's perilous rocky shores.[15] In 1632, a group of shipwreckedEnglishmen landed upon Saba.[15] In the 1640s, the Dutch governor of the neighbouring island ofSint Eustatius sent several Dutch families over to colonise the island for theDutch West India Company.[15] In 1664, refusing to swear allegiance to the English crown, these original Dutch settlers were evicted to St.Maarten by Jamaican governors piratesEdward,Thomas, andHenry Morgan.[15][16] TheNetherlands eventually gained complete control of the island in 1816.[15]
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Saba's major industries weresugar,indigo, andrum produced on plantations owned by Dutchmen living on St. Eustatius, and laterfishing, particularly lobster fishing.[citation needed] To work these plantations, enslaved people were imported from Africa.[15] In the 17th century, Saba was believed to be a favourite hideout forJamaicanpirates.[15] England also deported its "undesirable" people to live in the Caribbean colonies, and some of them also became pirates, a few taking haven on Saba.[17] As the island's coast is forbidding and steep, the island became a private sanctuary for the families of smugglers and pirates. One notable Saban pirate wasHiram Beakes, son of the Dutch councillor of the island.[18]
In August 1857,[19]Venezuela and The Netherlands submitted a dispute over the possession ofIsla de Aves to arbitration by theQueen of Spain,[19] because the Netherlands considered the island linked to its colony of Saba by asand bank,[19] andfishermen from St. Eustatius and Saba had used the place to harvestturtles and birds' eggs,[20] while Venezuela argued that it had inherited the island fromSpain which had discovered all theCaribbean islands,[20] that the fishermen were not acting on behalf of anygovernment but for a particular interest[20] and that this island was not attached to the territory that the Netherlands had received.
The Spanish decision[21] of June 30, 1865,[22] declared that theownership of the Island belonged to Venezuela[22] and that the Netherlands should nevertheless be compensated.[19] It argued that even if the two islands had been united, the sandbank was now separate from the island of Saba and that the first state to have amilitary force[23] and to exercisesovereignty there[23] had been Venezuela, which had inherited it from theCaptaincy General of Venezuela.[23]
During that time,[when?]Saba lace, a Spanish form ofneedlework introduced by a nun from Venezuela, became an important product made by the island's women.[15] Throughout the late 19thcentury and early 20thcentury, the primary source of revenue for the island came from the lacework produced by these women. During this period of time, with most of the island's men gone out to sea for extended periods, the island became known as "The Island of Women".[24][15]
In 1943, Joseph "Lambee" Hassell, a self-taught engineer, designed the road on Saba, which was built by hand by island residents.[25] It drastically changed transport on the island, which had been carried out only by foot or by mule previously.[15]An airport followed in 1963, and a larger pier geared for tourist boats in 1972.[15] As a result, tourism increased, gradually becoming a major part of the Saban economy.[15]
Saba island, as viewed from the north, withMount Scenery's peak in the clouds
Saba is a small island at 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi) in size and roughly circular in shape.[35] It lies north-west ofSint Eustatius and south-west ofSaint Barthélemy andSint Maarten. The terrain is generally mountainous, and the centre of the island is dominated by its volcanic peak,Mount Scenery, which stands 870.4 m (2,856 ft) above sea level.[35] Off the north coast lies the much smallerGreen Island.
Saba is the northernmost active volcano in theLesser Antilles Volcanic Arcchain of islands. At 887 metres (2,910 ft), Mount Scenery is also the highest point within theKingdom of the Netherlands. The island is composed of a singlerhombus-shaped volcano measuring 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) east to west and 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) north to south[36] The oldest dated rocks on Saba are around 400,000 years old, and the most recent eruption was shortly before the 1630s European settlement.[36][37] Between 1995 and 1997, an increase in local seismic activity was associated with a 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) rise in the temperature of the hot springs on the island's northwest and southeast coasts.[36]
Due to its considerablerelief Saba boasts a higher level ofprecipitation than other islands. At present, the island'sclimate is very similar to that of mainlandSouth America. The yearly climate of Saba can be divided into three intervals: dry, intermediate and wet periods. The dry period lasts from January to May with a monthly rainfall of around 50 to 100 mm (2.0 to 3.9 in). The intermediate period extends from May to September, when rainfall is moderate. The final months of the year represent the wet season when precipitation is high. The temperature at sea is approximately 25 °C (77 °F).
There is an 8.6-hectare (21-acre)[43]cloud forest located at and above 825 metres (2,707 ft)[44] on top of the mountain referred to as the "Elfin Forest Reserve" because of its high altitude mist and mossy appearance.[43] The most dominant tree in the cloud forest is the Mountain Mahogany (Freziera undulate), although hurricanes over the years have destroyed a large number of the mature trees. Despite the name, the mountain mahogany is not related to othermahogany species; although one species of true mahogany tree is found on the island at lower levels, the small-leaved mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). In the underbrush of the mahogany trees, the Sierran palm (Prestoea montana) and tree ferns dominate, with a large variety ofepiphytes andOrchids growing on the trunks and branches of all the trees.[44]Wild raspberries andplantain trees can also be found growing on most of the mountain.[39] All seven of theLesser Antilles Endemic Bird Area restricted-range birds occur in theElfin Forest Reserve.[44]
Below the cloud forest is asub-montane forest, and the variety and average number of species are considerably less. Redwood and Mountainfuchsia tree trees grow wild in this zone, as well as cactus species such as theprickly pear, andSeagrape trees. On the lowest southern and eastern slopes of Saba are grassy meadows and scattered shrubs.[39]Saba National Land Park [nl] is a 35-hectare (86-acre)national park located on the north coast of Saba.[45] Formerly owned by the Sulphur Mining Company, the park was established in January 1998 and the property was officially turned over to theSaba Conservation Foundation in 1999.[43] It stretches from the coastline all the way up to the cloud forest, and encompasses all vegetation zones present on Saba.
The coastline of Saba is mostly rubble and rocky cliffs that are 100 metres (330 ft) or taller with mostly cobble and boulder permanent beaches.[10] The steep terrain and sheer bluffs dropping almost straight down to the ocean's edge prevents the formation ofmangrove swamps or much vegetation. There are eight bays tucked into the cliffs around the island;Cove Bay, Spring Bay, Core Gut Bay,Fort Bay (location of the island's only port), Tent Bay,Ladder Bay,Wells Bay and Cave of Rum Bay.[44] Saba's coastline also includes theFlat Point Tide Pools, which were created by a large lava flow thousands of years ago. Thesetide pools are located below the airport at Flat Point, and feature largelava rock formations filled with colorful saltwater pools.[46] The pools are home to diverse marine life,[46] including small fish,sea urchins, crabs, and sea flora.[47][48][49]
The shoreline of the island is of particular value to sea birds, and has been designated anImportant Bird Area (IBA AN006 – "Saba Coastline") byBirdLife International.[38] Saba is home to about sixty species of birds, many of which are sea birds that use the holes and crevices of the steep cliffs and two small islands for breeding and feed in the waters around the island.[39] Saba's shoreline is home to the Caribbean's largest breeding colony of Red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus).[44] Other birds include theCommon Ground Dove, the Brown Noddy, theLeast Sandpiper, and theYellow-billed Tropicbird.[50] The Audubon's Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri) is another common bird, and is the national bird of Saba as well as being featured on theircoat of arms.[38]
About 4.3 kilometres (2.7 mi) southwest of the island is the northeastern edge of theSaba Bank, the largest submarineatoll in theAtlantic Ocean[51] with an especially rich biodiversity. Saba Bank is the top of asea mount and it is a prime fishing ground, particularly for lobster.
Saba became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010 and is not part of a Dutch province. The island's constitutional status, as well as those of Sint Eustatius andBonaire, is set out in the Law on the Public Entities BES (Dutch: Wet op de Openbare Lichamen BES).[52]
They[who?] are also responsible for representing the island's government both in and out of court, maintaining public order, implementing policy and legislation, coordinating with other governments, and receiving and handling complaints about the island's government.[56]
Saba's legislative body is theIsland Council, of which there are five members. Councillors are elected by the citizens of the island every four years.[57] The Island Council holds the power to:[58]
Appoint and remove commissioners of the Executive Council.
Pass ordinances to be enforced by the Executive Council.
Ask questions of the Executive Council.
Begin an investigation into the governor or the Executive Council.
Approve the budget.
Following the 2023 island elections, the Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM) holds three seats on the Island Council, while the new Party for Progress, Equality, and Prosperity held two.[59] In 2019, Esmeralda Johnson was the youngest person ever to be elected to the council.[60]
Members of the Island Council are:
Members of the Saba Island Council, 2023-2027[59][61][62]
The Executive Council, appointed by the Island Council, acts as the executive branch of government. The council has the following responsibilities:[63][64]
Day-to-day administration of the island, except for duties reserved for the Island Council or the governor.
Executing policies and legislation passed by the Island Council.
Establishing rules regarding the administration of the island, except the Registry.
Appointing, promoting, suspending, or dismissing public officials, except those working for and including the registrar.
The council appoints the island secretary, currently Tim Muller.[65]
The council consists of the island governor and two commissioners appointed by the Island Council, currently both members of the WIPM.[64] Each member of the Executive Council is assigned portfolios to oversee.[66]
Census (Civil Status, Registry, & Elections), Personnel Affairs & Organization, Disaster Management, Protocol, Public Safety, Communication, Digitalization & Information Technology
Rolando Wilson
Commissioner
WIPM
General Affairs, Finances & Economic Affairs, Agriculture, Husbandry & Fisheries, Planning & Infrastructure, Energy, Public Works, Constitutional Affairs, Tourism, Water Supply,Harbor,Airport, Nature & Environment, Sanitation & Waste Management
Eviton Heyliger
Commissioner
WIPM
Education, Community Development, Social & Labor Affairs, Social Housing, Health & Hygiene, Culture & Sports, Archives, Youth Affairs, Gender Affairs,Cadastre,European Union funds, Telecommunications
The population of Saba was 2,060 on January 1, 2024. Saba's small size has led to a fairly small number of island families, who can trace their last names back to around a half-dozen families. This means that many last names are shared across the island, the most numerous being Hassell, Johnson and Every; these three names are shared by upwards of 30% of Saba's population.[68]
Age Sex Pyramid
Most families' ancestry is a result of the intermixing ofAfricans,Dutch,English, andScottish. The population is also partly descended from theIrish who were exiled from that country after the accession ofKing Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1625. Charles exiled these Irish to the Caribbean in an effort to quell a rebellion after he had forcibly procured their lands for his Scottish noble supporters.[citation needed]
Historically, Saba was traded among the many European nations that fought for power in the region. Slaves from Africa were also imported to work on Saba. In recent years Saba has become home to a large group ofexpatriates, and around 250 immigrants who are either students or teachers at theSaba University School of Medicine.[69]
BothEnglish andDutch are spoken on the island and taught in schools, and both languages are official. Despite the island's Dutch affiliation, English is the principal language spoken on the island and has been used in its school system since the 19th century. Dutch is spoken by 34% of the population, while English is spoken by over 96% of the population.[70]
The majority (67%)[70] of Sabans speak more than one language, including English, Dutch, Spanish, Papiamento, and many others.[70]
Languages spoken on Saba, by population percentage[70]
English is the medium of instruction in Saba schools. Dutch government policy towards Saba and other SSS islands promotes English-medium education.[71] English can therefore be used in communications of and to the government.
The first contact with Christians on the island occurred with the visit ofChristopher Columbus in 1493, but this did not mean the immediate arrival of theCatholic Church. It is believed that the first Christian groups to settle on the island wereProtestants coming from the Netherlands in 1640.[76]
The oldest church on record is the Christuskerk (Christ Church),[77] of theAnglican denomination, which was renovated in 1777 after being damaged by ahurricane, and whose exact date of construction is unknown. In the same year, Pastor Kirkpatrick also requested permission from the Dutch commander Johannes de Graaff to officially establish the Anglican Church in Saba[78] before that some locals used theReformed Church of the Netherlands to celebrate their baptisms.[79]
Although theRoman Catholic Church is currently very active on Saba, it did not establish itself on the island until quite late.[80] One of the earliest contacts includes the visit of Père Labat in 1701.[80]
The island was also visited by the Prefect Apostolic of the Catholic Church for the Dutch Colonies in theCaribbean in 1836[79] Monsignor Martinus Niewindt, according to his report there was no Catholicpriest to attend the island at that time. He returned in May of the same year with theVenezuelan priest Manuel Romero[79] who had settled in Curaçao 1 year earlier for political reasons.[79] Communication was difficult at first because neither of the two priests spoke English, Romero spoke onlySpanish and Niewindt spoke onlyFrench andDutch. In June 1836, the first Catholic mass on the island was officially celebrated in Saba, and five children were presented for baptism.[79]
The oldest Catholic Church on record and still functioning today isSt. Paul's Conversion Church in Windward, which dates back to 1860.[79]
Missionary activity, the arrival of immigrants from other parts of the Netherlands and other territories in the Caribbean andEurope made the Catholic Church the most popular denomination in the present day, as it represents nearly half of the population.[75]
The A.M. Edwards Medical Center is the major provider of healthcare for local residents.[81] The center was built in 1980 and renovated in 2019.[81][82] Home healthcare is available for Sabans who require medical care in their own home.[83] Saba also has an assisted living facility located in the H.C. Every building.[83] There is also a basic pharmacy.
In Saba (as in Bonaire and Sint Eustatius),marriage is open to same sex and opposite sex couples[86] following the entering in force of a law enabling same-sex couples to marry on 10 October 2012.[87] The first same-sex marriage was performed on Saba on 4 December 2012 between a Dutch man and a Venezuelan man, both residing in Aruba, wheresame-sex marriage is not performed.[88][89][90]
Agriculture on Saba is primarily livestock and vegetables, especially potatoes. Saba lace, also known as "Spanish work", is actuallydrawn thread work and is still produced on the island.
Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport, located onFlat Point
The tourism industry now contributes more to the island's economy than any other sector. There are about 15,000 visitors each year. Saba has a number of inns, hotels, rental cottages and restaurants. Saba is known as the "Unspoiled Queen" of the Caribbean.[92] Saba is especially known for itsecotourism, having exceptionalscuba diving,climbing andhiking.
TheJuancho E. Yrausquin Airport offers flights to and from the nearby islands of St. Maarten and Sint Eustatius. There is also a ferry service from St. Maarten; the ferry boats "Dawn II ~ The Saba Ferry" and "The Edge" both travel to Saba three times a week. In addition, there are anchorages for private boats.[92]
About 150 species of fish have been found in Saba's waters.[93] A main draw for divers are the pinnacle dive sites, where magma pushed through the sea floor to create underwater towers of volcanic rock that start at about 300 feet (91 m) down and rise to about 85 feet (26 m) beneath the surface.[93] The waters around Saba were designated as theSaba National Marine Park in 1987, and are subject to government regulation to preserve the coral reefs and other marine life. Since 1991 the Saba Conservation Foundation has operated ahyperbaric chamber in case of diving emergencies.[94]
View of the village ofWindwardside, taken from Mount Scenery
There is one main road, known as "The Road". Its construction was masterminded by Josephus Lambert Hassell who, contrary to the opinion of Dutch andSwiss engineers, believed that a road could be built.[95] He took a correspondence course incivil engineering and started building the road with a crew of locals in 1938.[96] In 1943, the first section of the road from Fort Bay to The Bottom was completed. In 1947, the first motor vehicle arrived. In 1951, the road to Windwardside and St. Johns was opened. In 1958, the road was completed.[96]
Driving "The Road" is considered to be a daunting task, and the curves in Windwardside are extremely difficult to negotiate. Driving is on the right hand side. The speed limit in towns is 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph), and outside of towns, is 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph).
In 1963,[citation needed] Saba residents built theJuancho E. Yrausquin Airport. This 400-metre (1,300 ft) landing strip is reputed to be the shortest commercial runway in the world,[97] and is restricted. Only trained pilots flying smallSTOL airliners, such as theTwin Otter and theBritten-Norman Islander, may land there, as well as helicopters.
In 1972, a pier was completed in Fort Bay to access the island.[citation needed] Travel is also provided by ferry services to and from Sint Maarten with theMakana andThe Edge ferries.[citation needed]
Of note are 800 steps carved from stone, known as "The Ladder",[98] which reach from Ladder Bay to the settlement known as The Bottom. Until the late 20th century, everything that was brought to the island in boats and ships was carried up by hand using these steps. The steps are now often used by tourists who wish to experience an intense climb.
There is a bus system on the island, and the 2024-2029 transportation plan calls for bus shelters in every village.[99]
Like many Caribbean islands, Saba is dependent on fossil fuels imports, which leaves it vulnerable to globaloil price fluctuations that directly affect the cost of electricity.[100] Electricity supply depends on a diesel power plant to supply 60% of the island's demand.[101] In 2019,solar parks inHell's Gate (adjacent to the airport) and The Bottom became operational. For up to 10 hours a day, the entire island of Saba is powered bysolar energy from these two solar parks and their battery storage.[102][103][104]
According to a report by theLow Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP), the Government of Saba made the decision to transform the island to 100% sustainable energy to eventually eliminate dependence on fossil fuel-generated electricity. This new energy policy is defined by the 'Social development plan 2014–2020' and 'Saba's energy sector strategy'. Intermediate targets are 20% renewable electricity by 2017, which was reached in 2018; and 40% by 2020, which is expected to be reached by March 2019.[101][needs update]
There is poverty on Saba, although there is social pressure to keep this hidden. Rent is unaffordable for many local residents on the island, pressures include the high cost of utilities and groceries, as well as limited housing.[105][106]
There is a heavy dependence on imported food. Grocery day is Wednesday, with food arriving from Miami each week. Local efforts at addressing food insecurity include subsidized animal feed (shipped in from Puerto Rico) and a Farmer's Market truck ("roving farmer's market"). There is also a "public-private partnership between the [Dutch] public entity and the United States-based corporation Gezondheid Farms" to increase access tohydroponically-grown local produce.[106] Over 100 food trees were distributed at a World Food Day event in 2024.[107]
Saba University School of Medicine is a for-profit medical school located in The Bottom, Saba's capital. The medical school was established by American expatriates in coordination with the government of the Netherlands.[110] The school adds over 400 residents when classes are in session,[110] and it is the prime educational attraction.
The lifestyle on Saba is generally slow with little nightlife, even with the emergence of an ecotourism industry in the last few decades. Sabans are proud of their history of environmental conservation, calling Saba "The Unspoiled Queen".[92]
Saba lace at the Harry L Johnson Museum, Windwardside
Saban women continue to make two traditional island products, Saba Lace and Saba Spice.Saba Lace is hand-stitched lace, which the island's women began making in the late 19th century and built into a thriving mail-order business with the United States. Saba Spice is a rum drink, brewed with a combination of spices.
As in other Caribbean locations, Sabans throw an annualCarnival. Saba's Carnival takes place the last week in July and includes parades, steel bands, competitions, and food.
Another event held in the capital The Bottom is 'Saba Day'. This is the national day of the island in which all offices, schools and stores are closed. The island celebrates its diversity and culture through various activities and parades. The Bottom holds host to a concert at the sports field where local and other Caribbean artists come to perform. A wahoo fishing tournament is also held during Saba Day and attracts boats from neighboring islands such as St. Maarten, St. Eustatius, and St. Barths.
The Harry L. Johnson Museum in Windwardside features exhibits that include collections from the 19th and early 20th centuries,[114] including period photographs of Dutch royalty, antique furniture, a 100-year oldorgan harmonium, and astone hearth, as well as objects from archaeological sites of the island's first inhabitants.[115]
The Bottom's Major Osman Ralph Simmons Museum, founded by Major Osmar Ralph Simmons, a former island police officer for more than 40 years, preserves and displays objects he found on the island.[116]
^Wells, John C. (2008). "Sabaisland in the Caribbean".Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0.some reference books wrongly claim it isˈsɑːb ə orˈsæb ə
^Mangold, Max (2015). "Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch".Der Duden in zwölf Bänden. Institut für Deutsche Sprache. p. 747.
^"31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. Retrieved15 October 2010.De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province)
^Johnson, Will (2014-12-18)."Driving out the Dutch".The Saba Islander. The Saba Herald. Retrieved2019-03-11.Sir Henry Morgan, famous pirate, and Governor of Jamaica. His two uncles, Edward (also his father-in-law) and Thomas, captured St. Eustatius and Saba in 1665 and drove out the Dutch. …
^"General info". Statia and Saba Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Archived fromthe original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved2020-08-25.
^Gelt Dekker, Jacob (30 January 2018)."Hiram Beakes of Saba".StMaartenNews. Retrieved2019-07-25.
^van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Madden, Hannah; Debrot, Adolphe O. (20 May 2022),Population estimate, natural history and conservation of the melanistic <i>Iguana Iguana</i> population on Saba, Caribbean Netherlands, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492665,S2CID248990505
^van den Burg, M. P.; Goetz, M.; Brannon, L.; Weekes, T. S.; Ryan, K. V.; Debrot, A. O. (23 March 2023). "An integrative approach to assess non‐native iguana presence on Saba and Montserrat: Are we losing all native <i>Iguana</i> populations in the Lesser Antilles?".Animal Conservation.doi:10.1111/acv.12869.eISSN1469-1795.hdl:10261/306882.ISSN1367-9430.S2CID257731680.
^Dijkhoff, Marta; Kowenberg, Silvia; Tjon Sie Fat, Paul (2008). "Chapter 215: The Dutch-speaking Caribbean Die niederländischsprachige Karibik". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.).Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 2105, 2108.ISBN978-3110199871.
^Trugill, Peter; Hannah, Jane (2017).The Handbook of World Englishes (6 ed.). p. 115.
Bolles, Joshua K. (2013). Johnson, Will (ed.).Caribbean Interlude: The Story of Saba the Rock. Will Johnson.ISBN978-1-4675-6637-7.. A first-person account by an American journalist of the eleven months he spent on Saba in 1931, illustrated with photographs of Saba at that time.
Johnson, Theodore R. (2016).A Lee Chip: A Dictionary and Study of Saban English. Raleigh, NC: Language and Life Project at North Carolina State University.ISBN978-0-578-17558-4.. A dictionary, grammar and phonological description, with a history of Saban English in the introduction.
Nielsen, Suzanne; Schnabel, Peter (2007).Folk Remedies on a Caribbean Island, the Story of Bush Medicine on Saba. Author.ISBN9789990407594. Aguide to many of the plants of Saba, including their medicinal properties.
Rahn, Jennifer (2017). "Saba and St. Eustatius (Statia)". Casey D. Allen, ed.Landscapes and Landforms of the Lesser Antilles. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Cham. pp. 61–84doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55787-8_6.ISBN978-3-319-55785-4.
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