| Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare SISMI | |
 | |
 The SISMI coat of arms | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 24 October 1977 |
| Preceding agency |
|
| Dissolved | 3 August 2007 |
| Superseding agency | |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Italy |
| Minister responsible |
|
| Agency executive |
|
| Website | serviziinformazionesicurezza.gov.it |
Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (SISMI; English:Military Intelligence and Security Service,lit. 'Service for the Information of Military Safety') was themilitary intelligenceagency ofItaly from 1977 to 2007.
With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007, SISMI was replaced byAgenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (AISE).[1]
Since the end of World War II,Italian intelligence agencies have been reorganized many times (SIM 1900–49,SIFAR 1949–65,SID 1965–77) and lastSISDE (civil) and SISMI (military) from 1977 to 2007, in an attempt to increase their effectiveness and bring them more fully undercivilian control.
The agency was established as part of a broader reform of the Italian intelligence community, which represented the latest in a long string of government attempts to effectively manage Italy's intelligence agencies.
The first director of the service wasGiuseppe Santovito (1978–1981), succeeded by General Nino Lugaresi was SISMI's director from 1981 to 1984; he testified onGladio. GeneralNicolò Pollari was SISMI's second-last director; he resigned on 20 November 2006 after being indicted in theAbu Omar case, so Prime MinisterRomano Prodi replaced him with AdmiralBruno Branciforte.[citation needed]
AdmiralBruno Branciforte was SISMI's last director, in charge until 3 August 2007.[citation needed]With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007 themilitary intelligence was eliminated, and the Italian intelligence was divided into internal and foreign.[citation needed]
SISMI was responsible for intelligence and security activities involving the military defence of Italy and for the integrity of the Italian State.
SISMI reported to the ItalianMinistry of Defense and operated both inside and outside of Italy's borders. It was feasible that domestic Intelligence and Security, which normally fell under SISDE's jurisdiction (since it reported to theMinistry of the Interior), also involved SISMI, unless the security threat came from organized crime.
Its duties included:
SISMI's motto, as seen on its logo, was "Arcana intellego" (Latin for "Understanding hidden things"). The verb "intellego", which literally means "I comprehend", was chosen because «it evokes the noble root of intelligence, a discipline aimed at unravelling mysteries and holds in itself a constant tension directed to its final goal: knowledge».[2]
Its coat of arms was granted by a decree of thePresident of the Republic dated 28 January 2004.
In 2005,Nicola Calipari, a high-ranking SISMI hostage negotiator, was killed at aU.S. Army checkpoint inBaghdad byMario Lozano, purportedly after a communication breakdown between the Italian intelligence community and the occupying forces.
In 2005, SISMI was implicated in theyellowcake forgery scandal. The forged documents purporting to detail an Iraqi purchase of yellowcake uranium fromNiger were given to a "cutout" namedRocco Martino by a colonel in SISMI, Antonio Nucera.[3] The head of SISMI, after claiming his agency received the documents from external sources, met with then-Deputy National Security Advisor,Stephen Hadley, on 9 September 2002.
Reportedly, the SISMI director vouched for the documents' authenticity at the meeting;[citation needed] as a result, the White House attempted to insert a reference to uranium from Africa in President Bush's upcoming address to the United Nations, scheduled for 12 September 2002. TheCIA removed the reference 24 hours before the address was given. In bypassing the CIA, Pollari ignored the established protocol for contacts between Italian and American intelligence agencies.[4]
President Bush later used the same discredited information when delivering his January2003 State of the Union address.
In July 2006, the Italian judiciary power issued arrest warrants for several SISMI officials involved in the joint CIA-SISMI operation resulting in the unlawfulextraordinary rendition ofHassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, which SISMI Director Pollari had formally denied in testimony before a committee of the national legislature. Among these were:
Nicolò Pollari himself would later be indicted on 5 December 2006 and sentenced to 10 years in jail on February 12, 2013. Marco Mancini was sentenced to 9 years in jail. They appealed against this ruling.
On 16 February 2007, an Italian judge ordered twenty-six Americans and five Italians (including Pollari) to stand trial over the case on 8 June 2007.[3]
As part of the judiciary investigation, a SISMI-run black operation targeting centre-left politicianRomano Prodi and a vastdomestic surveillance program was uncovered. Pompa prevailed upon the newspaperLibero to print allegations that Prodi, when serving as European Commissioner, had authorized the CIA prison flights via Italy. Targeted in the surveillance program wereLa Repubblica reportersGiuseppe D'Avanzo andCarlo Bonini, who broke the yellowcake forgery story.
Italian magistrates searching the SISMI's headquarters in August 2007 found documents proving that the intelligence agency had spied over various European magistrates between 2001 and 2006, whom it considered carrying a "destabilization" potential. These included theMedel, a European association of magistrates, as well as three French judges, including Anne Crenier, former president of theSyndicat de la magistrature French union, who is married to Italian magistrate Mario Vaudano who works at theEuropean Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF).[6][7]