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Rundbogenstil (round-arch style) is a 19th-century historicrevival style of architecture popular in theGerman-speaking lands and theGerman diaspora. It combines elements ofByzantine,Romanesque, andRenaissance architecture with particular stylistic motifs.[1] It forms a German branch ofRomanesque Revival architecture sometimes used in other countries.
The style was the deliberate creation of German architects seeking a German national style of architecture, particularlyHeinrich Hübsch (1795–1863).[2][3][4] It emerged inGermany as a response to and reaction against theneo-Gothic style that had come to the fore in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By adopting the smooth facade of late antique andmedieval church architecture, it aimed to extend and develop the noble simplicity and quiet grandeur ofneo-classicism, while moving in a direction more suited to the rise of industrialism and the emergence of German nationalism. Hallmarks of the style, in addition to the roundedarches from which it takes its name, include "eyebrows" over the windows and invertedcrenelation under theeaves.
Rundbogenstil was employed for a number of railway stations, including those inBerlin,Karlsruhe,Leipzig,Munich,Tübingen, andVölklingen. These were typically "first-generation" stations (built between 1835 and 1870); some were razed to be replaced by larger buildings. Those in Berlin, Tübingen,Königs Wusterhausen,Crimmitschau, andHersfeld are still extant, while theBavarian station in Leipzig is partially preserved.
Rundbogenstil was widely adopted inCentral Europeansynagogue design of the late nineteenth century. The first in this style was theKassel Synagogue designed byAlbrecht Rosengarten, a member of the Jewish congregation inKassel,Electorate of Hesse, and completed in 1839.[5] An early example in the United States is theGates of Heaven Synagogue inMadison, Wisconsin, built in 1863 and designed byAugust Kutzbock, an immigrant fromBremen, Germany. Kutzbock also (co)designed secular buildings employingRundbogenstil, such as the Carrie Pierce House (1857) and the Van Slyke/Keenan House (1858) in Madison.
Rundbogenstil architecture was influential in England, withAlfred Waterhouse's buildings for what is now called theNatural History Museum (originally the British Museum Natural History Collection) inLondon showing a direct and self-conscious emulation of the style.[6]
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The Rundbogenstil was also widely employed in Belgium, for public buildings as well as for churches. A keen promotor of Neoclassicism and the Rundbogenstil in Belgium was architectLodewijk Roelandt (1786–1864), who lived in the city ofGhent. Among his achievements in Rundbogenstil are St Anne's Church (Sint-Annakerk (Gent)), the riding schoolArena Van Vletingen, both in Ghent, and theOnze-Lieve-Vrouw-van-Bijstand-der-Christenenkerk (Sint-Niklaas) atSint-Niklaas.
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