Rudolf Kaufmann (3 April 1909 – c. 1941), son of the physicistWalter Kaufmann, was a palaeontologist and geologist, and is best remembered for his work onallopatric speciation andpunctuated equilibrium in thetrilobite genusOlenus in theUpper Cambrian ofSweden and on the island ofBornholm.[1] He was a brother-in-law ofCurt Teichert, the well-known German-American palaeontologist and geologist. Studying the Upper Cambrian alum shales in Sweden, Kaufmann found that the trilobite genusOlenus occurred in an unbroken sequence of sediments covering a considerable period of geological time. He was thereby in a position to track the phylogenetic evolution ofOlenus, that is, the rise and fall of species within the genus and the changes in their morphology. He coined the idea ofArtabwandlung, which is the tendency of clade elements in the same environment to show the same morphological trends.[2]
With the 1930s onset of theNazi regime in Germany, Kaufmann, who was aJew, was dismissed from his position at Greifswald University. He had studied atKönigsberg and atGreifswald University under Serge von Bubnoff (1888–1957). His 1933 dissertation dealt with speciation and punctuated equilibrium in Cambrian trilobites inSkåne.
He left Germany forCopenhagen in 1933. Here, he was denied employment as a geologist, and so, he worked as a photographer and gave instruction in athletics. He found himself ill at ease in Denmark, and after a spell in Italy, he returned to Germany, where, in October 1935, he started teaching at a Jewish school inCoburg, and was arrested on a charge of "Rassenschande" (he was being treated for a sexually transmitted disease acquired from an affair with an "Aryan" woman). In 1936, he was sentenced to 3 years of hard labour. On his release in 1939, Kaufmann fled toLithuania, where he was allowed to settle and resume geological work. When Lithuania became part of theU.S.S.R. in 1940, he joined the staff of the Geological Survey atKaunas, immersing himself in the problems of Pleistocene drift, and marrying a fellow refugee. After the German occupation of Lithuania in 1941, and now an "undesirable Jew", he was identified while cycling on a country road and murdered by two German soldiers.
Earlier, in his search for work, he had moved to Italy and found work in a photographic shop inBologna. There, in the summer of 1935, he met Ingeborg Magnusson, a 28-year-old Swedish woman on holiday. This relationship was to last five years, during which period they spent 13 days together - he visited her once in Stockholm, and she saw him once in Germany. These details came to light in 1991, when a German stamp collector bought a package of 30 letters, written by Kaufmann to Ingeborg, at aFrankfurt stamp auction.[3][4][5][6]
Paper Kisses - Reinhard KaiserISBN 1-59051-181-6 (Other Press, 2006)[7]
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