Ruby characters orrubi characters (Japanese:ルビ; rōmaji:rubi; Korean:루비; romaja:rubi) are small, annotativeglosses that are usually placed above or to the right oflogographic characters of languages in theEast Asian cultural sphere, such asChinesehanzi,Japanesekanji, andKoreanhanja, to show the logographs' pronunciation; these were formerly also used forVietnamesechữ Hán andchữ Nôm, and may still occasionally be seen in that context when reading archaic texts. Typically called justruby orrubi, such annotations are most commonly used as pronunciation guides for characters that are likely to be unfamiliar to the reader.
Here is an example of Japanese ruby characters (calledfurigana) forTokyo ("東京"):
| Hiragana | Katakana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|
| 東 京 | 東 京 | 東 京 |
Mostfurigana are written with thehiragana syllabary, butkatakana andromaji are also occasionally used. Alternatively, sometimes foreign words (usually English) are printed with furigana to provide the meaning, and vice versa. Textbooks sometimes renderon-readings with katakana andkun-readings with hiragana.
Here is an example of ruby characters forBeijing ("北京") in Zhuyin (a.k.a. Bopomofo),Xiao'erjing, and Pinyin.
| Zhuyin | Xiao'erjing | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| 北 京 | 京 北 | 北 京 |
In Taiwan, the main syllabary used for Chinese ruby characters isZhuyin fuhao (also known asBopomofo); in mainland Chinapinyin is mainly used. Typically, unlike the example shown above, zhuyin is used with a vertical traditional writing and zhuyin is written on the right side of the characters. In mainland China, horizontal script is used and ruby characters (pinyin) are written above the Chinese characters.
Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic alphabet, adopted byHui Muslims and at times utilized as ruby characters in various manuscripts. This system does have its shortcomings, mainly that it has no way of indicating tones. With the spread of pinyin, the usage of this system has been in decline in the past decades. Most manuscripts that do mark the characters with Xiao'erjing, do so from right-to-left, which is quite unique, compared to other systems. This is because usually such manuscripts include Arabic texts such as the Quran, and the Chinese writing is the explanation or translation.
Books with phonetic guides (especially pinyin) are popular with children and foreigners learning Chinese.
Here is an example of the Korean ruby characters forKorea ("韓國"):
| Hangul | Romaja |
|---|---|
| 韓 國 | 韓 國 |
Romaja is normally used in foreign textbooks until Hangul is introduced. Ruby characters can be quite common on signs in certain parts of South Korea.
Here is an example of the Vietnamese ruby characters (Chữ Quốc Ngữ) forHanoi ("河內"):
| chữ Quốc ngữ |
|---|
| 河 內 |
Chinese characters and its derivations of it (chữ Hán andchữ Nôm) which was used by theVietnamese have fallen out of use in favour ofLatin-based scriptchữ Quốc ngữ during the French colonial period when it was made a part of compulsory education (1920s onwards). Currently still used byGin people.[citation needed]
Ruby may be used for different reasons:
Also, ruby may be used to show the meaning, rather than pronunciation, of a possibly-unfamiliar (usually foreign) or slang word. This is generally used with spoken dialogue and applies only to Japanese publications. The most common form of ruby is calledfurigana oryomigana and is found in Japanese instructional books, newspapers, comics and books for children.
In Japanese, certain characters, such as thesokuon (促音) (littletsu,っ) that indicates a pause before the consonant it precedes, are normally written at about half the size of normal characters. When written as ruby, such characters are usually the same size as other ruby characters. Advancements in technology now allow certain characters to render accurately.[clarification needed][1]
In Chinese, the practice of providing phonetic cues via ruby is rare, but does occur systematically in grade-school level text books or dictionaries. The Chinese have no special name for this practice, as it is not as widespread as in Japan. In Taiwan, it is known as "zhuyin", from the name of the phonetic system employed for this purpose there. It is virtually always used vertically, because publications are normally in a vertical format, and zhuyin is not as easy to read when presented horizontally.[citation needed] Where zhuyin is not used, other Chinese phonetic systems likepinyin are employed.
In academic settings, Vietnamese text written inchữ Hán orchữ Nôm may be glossed withchữ quốc ngữ ruby for modern readers.[2]
Sometimesinterlinear glosses are visually similar to ruby, appearing above or below the main text in smaller type. However, this is a distinct practice used for helping students of a foreign language by giving glosses for the words in a text, as opposed to the pronunciation of lesser-known characters.
Ruby annotation can also be used in handwriting.
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In British typography,ruby was originally the name for type with a height of 5.5points, which printers used for interlinear annotations in printed documents. In Japanese, rather than referring to a font size, the word became the name for typesetfurigana. When transliterated back into English, some texts rendered the word asrubi (a typicalromanisation of the Japanese wordルビ, instead ofルビー (rubī), the expected transliteration ofruby). However, the spelling "ruby" has become more common since theW3C published a recommendation forrubymarkup. In the US, the font size had been called "agate", a term in use since 1831 according to theOxford English Dictionary.
In 2001, the W3C published the Ruby Annotation specification[1] for supplementingXHTML with ruby markup. Ruby markup is incorporated into the XHTML 1.1 specification and in HTML5.[3]
For browsers that do not support Ruby natively, Ruby support is most easily added by usingCSS rules that are available on the web.[4]
Ruby markup is structured such that a fallback rendering, consisting of the ruby characters in parentheses immediately after the main text, appears if the browser does not support ruby.
The W3C is also working on a specific ruby module forCSS level 2, which additionally allows the grouping of ruby and automatic omission of furigana matching their annotated part.[5]
Below are a few examples of ruby markup. The markup is shown first, and the rendered markup is shown next, followed by the unmarked version. Web browsers either render it with the correct size and positioning as shown in the table-based examples above, or use the fallback rendering with the ruby characters in parentheses:
| XHTML | CSS level 2[5] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Markup | <ruby> 東京<rp>(</rp><rt>とうきょう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | <ruby>北<rp>(</rp><rt>ㄅㄟˇ</rt><rp>)</rp>京<rp>(</rp><rt>ㄐㄧㄥ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> | <ruby><rbc><rb>振</rb><rb>り</rb><rb>仮</rb><rb>名</rb><rp>(</rp></rbc><rtc><rt>ふ</rt><rt>り</rt><rt>が</rt><rt>な</rt><rp>)</rp></rtc></ruby> |
| Rendered | By default, the code above will come to the effect below. To achieve this effect, you may need further CSS styling. | ||
| Unmarked | 東京(とうきょう) | 北(ㄅㄟˇ)京(ㄐㄧㄥ) | 振り仮名(ふりがな) |
Note that Chinese ruby text would normally be displayed in vertical columns to the right of each character. This approach is not typically supported in browsers at present.
This is a table-based example of vertical columns:
| 瓶 | ㄆ ㄧ ㄥˊ |
| 子 | ˙ ㄗ |
Complex ruby markup makes it possible to associate more than one ruby text with a base text, or parts of ruby text with parts of base text.[6]
Unicode and its companion standard, theUniversal Character Set, support ruby via theseinterlinear annotation characters:[7]
FFF9 (hex)—Interlinear annotation anchor—marks start of annotated textFFFA (hex)—Interlinear annotation separator—marks start of annotating character(s)FFFB (hex)—Interlinear annotation terminator—marks end of annotated textFew applications implement these characters. Unicode Technical Report #20[8] clarifies that these characters are not intended to be exposed to users of markup languages and software applications, and are instead for internal use either in systems or the applications themselves. It suggests that ruby markup be used instead, where appropriate.
The interlinear annotation characters are part of the "Specials" Unicode block:
| Specials[1][2][3] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+FFFx | IAA | IAS | IAT |  | � | |||||||||||
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
ISO/IEC 6429 (also known asECMA-48) which defines theANSI escape codes also provided a mechanism for ruby text for use by text terminals, although few terminals and terminal emulators implement it. The PARALLEL TEXTS (PTX) escape code accepted six parameter values giving the following escape sequences for marking ruby text:
CSI 0 \ (or simplyCSI \ since 0 is used as the default value for this control) – end of parallel textsCSI 1 \ – beginning of a string of principal parallel textCSI 2 \ – beginning of a string of supplementary parallel textCSI 3 \ – beginning of a string of supplementary Japanese phonetic annotationCSI 4 \ – beginning of a string of supplementary Chinese phonetic annotationCSI 5 \ – end of a string of supplementary phonetic annotations