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The termRoman Catholic is sometimes used to differentiate theCatholic Church and its members infull communion with thepope inRome from otherChristians who identify as "Catholic".[3] It is also sometimes used to differentiate adherents to theLatin Church and its use of theRoman Rite from Catholics of theEastern Catholic Churches. It is not the official name preferred by the Holy See orbishops in full communion with the pope as a designation for their faith or institution.[4][5]
The term "catholic" is one of theFour Marks of the Church set out in theNicene Creed, a statement of belief widely accepted across Christian denominations. Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox consider the term "Catholic" to refer to a single institutionalone true church, whileProtestant ecclesiology considers it to refer to achurch invisible referred to as theChristian Church. The use of "Roman" or "Roman Catholic" to differentiate the Catholic Church dates from theMiddle Ages.[6]
Following thepejorative term "papist", attested in English since 1528,[7] the terms "Popish Catholic" and "Romish Catholic" came into use in English during theProtestant Reformation. From the 17th century, "Roman Catholic Church" has been used as a synonym for the Catholic Church by someAnglicans and otherProtestants inEnglish-speaking countries.[8] The phrase is used by Catholics to emphasize the unique communion of the Catholic Church with theBishop of Rome, the Pope, considered to be the successor toSaint Peter.[6][9]
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Formulations such as the "Holy Roman Church" or the "Roman Catholic Church" have occurred by officials of the Catholic Church before[10][11] and after the Reformation.[12][13][14][15][16] It is also used in the context of ecumenical dialogue. The first known occurrence of "Roman Catholic" as a synonym for "Catholic Church" was in communication with theArmenian Apostolic Church in 1208, after theEast–West Schism.[17][18]
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The terms "Romish Catholic" and "Roman Catholic", along with "Popish Catholic", were brought into use in theEnglish language chiefly by adherents of theChurch of England.[19]
The reign ofElizabeth I of England at the end of the 16th century was marked by conflicts in Ireland. Those opposed to English rule forged alliances with those against theProtestant Reformation, making the term "Roman Catholic" almost synonymous with being Irish during that period, although that usage changed significantly over time.[20]
Like the term "Anglican", the term "Roman Catholic" came into widespread use in theEnglish language only in the 17th century.[21] The terms "Romish Catholic" and "Roman Catholic" were both used in the 17th century and "Roman Catholic" was used in some official documents, such as those relating to theSpanish Match in the 1620s.[citation needed]
The official and popular uses of the term "Roman Catholic" in the English language grew in the 18th century. A letter byJohn Wesley, one of the founders ofMethodism, published in 1749 is addressed to "a Roman Catholick".[22] Up to the reign ofGeorge III, Catholics in Britain who recognized the Pope as head of the Church had generally been designated in official documents as "Papists". In 1792, however, this phraseology was changed and, in theSpeech from the Throne, the term "Roman Catholic" was used.[23]
By the early 19th century, the term "Roman Catholic" had become well established in the English-speaking world. As the movement that led toCatholic Emancipation through theRoman Catholic Relief Act 1829 grew, many Anglicans and Protestants generally began to accept that being a Roman Catholic was not synonymous with being disloyal to the British Crown. While believing that in the past the termRoman Catholic may have been synonymous withrebel, they held that it was by then as indicative of loyalty as membership in any other Christian denomination.[24] The situation had been very different two centuries before, whenPope Paul V forbade English members of his church from taking anoath of allegiance toKing James I, a prohibition that not all of them observed.[25]
Also in the 19th century, some prominent Anglican theologians, such asWilliam Palmer andJohn Keble, supported theBranch Theory, which viewed theuniversal Church as having three principal branches: Anglican, Roman and Eastern.[26] The 1824 issue ofThe Christian Observer defined the termRoman Catholic as a member of the "Roman Branch of the Church".[27] By 1828, speeches in theBritish Parliament routinely used the term Roman Catholic and referred to the "Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church".[28]
In the United States, use of the term "Roman Catholic", as well as the number of Catholics, began to grow only in the early 19th century. Like the term "papist", "Romanist" was often used as a mainly pejorative term for Roman Catholics at the time. In 1790, there were only 100 Catholics in New York and some 30,000 in the whole country, with only 29 priests.[29] As the number of Catholics in the United States grew rapidly from 150,000 to 1.7 million between 1815 and 1850, mostly by way of immigration fromIreland and theGerman Confederation, many clergy followed to serve that population, and Roman Catholic parishes were established.[30] The terms "Roman Catholic" and "Holy Roman Catholic" thus gained widespread use in the United States in the 19th century, both in popular usage and in official documents.[31][32][33] In 1866, US PresidentAndrew Johnson attended a meeting of theCouncil of the Roman Catholic Church.[34]
There is sometimes controversy about the name "Roman Catholic Church" when it is used by members of other churches to suggest that the church in full communion with Rome is only one part of theOne, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. The term "Roman Catholic" was often used by those in the Church of England (Anglican) who wished to distinguish the Catholic Churches from Anglicanism. This "branch" theory (i.e. one Catholic Church with three branches of Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic) has received a mixed reception even within Anglicanism.[35]
In 1864, theHoly Office rejected the branch theory and affirmed in a letter written to the English bishops that the Roman Church is not just a part of the Catholic Church and stating that "there is no other Catholic Church except that which is built on the one man, Peter".[citation needed] In 1870, English bishops attending theFirst Vatican Council raised objections to the expressionSancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia ("Holy Roman Catholic Church"), which appeared in the schema (the draft) of the council'sDogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith. The bishops proposed for the word "Roman" to be omitted or at least for commas to be inserted between the adjectives out of concern that use of the term "Roman Catholic" would lend support to proponents of the branch theory. While the council overwhelmingly rejected that proposal, the text was finally modified to read "Sancta Catholica Apostolica Romana Ecclesia"[36] translated into English either as "the Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church"[37] or, by separating each adjective, as "the holy, catholic, apostolic and Roman Church".[38][note 1]
Countries that recognize the Catholic Church as the state church or as a tolerated church commonly use the title "Roman Catholic Church" in constitutional documents, however this is not the official name preferred by the Holy See orbishops in full communion with the pope as a designation for their faith or institution.[4]
From 1937 to1972, theConstitution of Ireland used an extended name for the church, recognising the "special position of the 'Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church". TheAnglican Archbishop of Dublin had objected to "Catholic Church" and quoted theCouncil of Trent for the longer title, which was approved byEugenio Pacelli andPope Pius XI.[44][45] The same extended name is used in a 2009 Irish law.[46]
American Catholics, who by the year 1900 were 12 million people and had a predominantly Irish clergy,[47] objected to what they considered thereproachful terms Popish and Romish and preferred the term Roman Catholic.[48] Use of "Roman Catholic" continued to spread in the United States and Canada In the early 20th century to refer to individuals, parishes, and their schools. For instance, the 1915 Report of the Commissioner of Education of the United States had a specific section for "Roman Catholic Parish Schools".[49] By 1918, legal proceedings in state supreme courts (fromDelaware toMinnesota) and laws passed in the State of New York used the term "Roman Catholic parish".[50][51] Connecticut state law, last revised in 1955, also provides for organising parish corporations affiliated with the "Roman Catholic Church".[52][53]
TheBaltimore Catechism, the official catechism authorized by theCatholic bishops of the United States between 1885 and 1965, states: "That is why we are called Roman Catholics; to show that we are united to the real successor of St. Peter" (Question 118), and refers to the Church as the "Roman Catholic Church" under Questions 114 and 131.[9] Usage of the name "Roman Catholic Church", however, does not appear in theCatechism of the Catholic Church first published in 1992.[54]
"Roman Catholic" is used to refer to individuals, or as descriptor to refer to worship, parishes, festivals, etc, in particular to emphasize communion with the pope in Rome.[6] It is sometimes also identified with "Catholic" in general, or to specify "Western Catholic" (equivalent to "Latin Catholic") and "Roman-Rite Catholic" in contrast to theEastern Catholics who also share communion with the pope.[55]
"Catholic Church" (or "the Church") is used in modern official documents by theHoly See, including theCatechism of the Catholic Church (1990), theCode of Canon Law (1983). It is also used in theecumenical council documents of theSecond Vatican Council (1962–1965),[56] theFirst Vatican Council (1869–1870)[57] and theCouncil of Trent (1545–1563),[58] and numerous other documents.[59][60]
"Roman Catholic Church" has also been used in official texts of the Holy See to refer to the entirety of the church that is infull communion with it, encompassing both itsEastern and Western elements. This is reflected in reference books such as John Hardon'sModern Catholic Dictionary.[61] In its relations with other churches, it frequently uses the name "Roman Catholic Church", which it also uses internally, though less frequently.[62][4][63][64]The use of "Roman", "Holy", and "Apostolic" are accepted by the Church as descriptive names.[65][66]
In the 21st century, the three terms – "Catholic Church", "Roman Catholic Church" and "Holy Roman Catholic Church" – continue to appear in various books and other publications.[citation needed]
Official church documents have used both the terms "Catholic Church" and "Roman Catholic Church" to refer to the worldwide church as a whole, includingEastern Catholics, as whenPope Pius XII taught inHumani generis that "the Mystical Body of Christ and the Roman Catholic Church are one and the same thing."[67] Official documents such asDivini Illius Magistri,Humani generis, adeclaration of 23 November 2006 and another of30 November 2006 also use "Roman Catholic" to speak of it as a whole.
According to J.C. Cooper, "In popular usage, 'Catholic' usually means 'Roman Catholic',"[68] a usage opposed by some, including some Protestants.[69] "Catholic" usually refers to members of any of the 24constituent Churches, the one Western and the 23Eastern.[citation needed]
Some writers, such as Kenneth Whitehead and Patrick Madrid, however, argue that the only proper name for the church is "the Catholic Church".[62][4][63][64] Whitehead states that "The term Roman Catholic is not used by the Church herself; it is a relatively modern term, and one, moreover, that is confined largely to the English language. The English-speaking bishops at the First Vatican Council in 1870, in fact, conducted a vigorous and successful campaign to insure that the term Roman Catholic was nowhere included in any of the Council's official documents about the Church herself, and the term was not included."[62] Whitehead also states that "the proper name of the Church, then, is 'the Catholic Church', never 'the Christian Church'."[70] CardinalWalter Kasper has argued that the term "Roman Catholic" should not be used to denote the entire Catholic Church, stating this term would "emphasize the Roman and downplay the Catholic".[71]
Rev. Bud Heckman states that "Representatives of the Catholic Church are at times required to use the term 'Roman Catholic Church' in certain dialogues, especially in the ecumenical milieu, since some other Christians consider their own churches to also be authentically Catholic."[72] For instance, the term Roman Catholic was used in the dialogue with the AnglicanArchbishop of CanterburyDonald Coggan on 29 April 1977.[73]
Some use the term "Roman Catholic" to refer toLatin Church Catholics who predominantly (butnot exclusively) worship according to theRoman Rite, as opposed toEastern Catholics. An example is the statement in the bookWhen other Christians become Catholic: "the individual becomes Eastern Catholic, not Roman Catholic." In this context, converts fromEastern Orthodox orOriental Orthodox churches are enrolled in the closest corresponding Eastern Catholic church accordingCanon Law.[74] Similarly theCatholic Faith Handbook for Youth states that "not all Catholics are Roman Catholics and there are other Catholic Churches", using the term "Roman Catholic" to refer to Latin Church members alone.[55]
Some Eastern Catholic writers make the same distinction between Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic.[75][76][77] Additionally, in other languages, the usage varies significantly.[78][79][note 2] Some of the writers who draw a contrast between "Roman Catholics" and "Eastern Catholics" may perhaps be distinguishing Eastern Catholics not from Latin or Western Catholics in general, but only from those (the majority of Latin Catholics) who use theRoman liturgical rite.Adrian Fortescue explicitly made this distinction, saying that, just as "Armenian Catholic" is used to mean a Catholic who uses the Armenian rite, "Roman Catholic" could be used to mean a Catholic who uses the Roman Rite. In this sense, he said, anAmbrosian Catholic, though a member of the Latin or Western Church, is not a "Roman" Catholic. He admitted, however, that this usage is uncommon.[80]
Some Eastern Catholics, while maintaining that they are in union with theBishop of Rome, reject the description of themselves as being "Roman Catholics".[81][82] Others, however, have historically referred to themselves as "Roman Catholics"[78] and "Roman Catholic" sometimes appears in the compound name of Eastern Catholic parish churches, e.g.St. Anthony's Maronite Roman Catholic Church.[83] Academic usage of "Roman Catholic" to describe Eastern Catholic bodies and persons is also extant.[84][better source needed]
Orthodox Christians sometimes use the term "Uniate" (occasionally spelled "Uniat") to describe the Eastern Catholic churches which were previously Eastern or Oriental Orthodox, although some consider this term derogatory.[85] Official Catholic documents no longer use the term, due to its perceived negative overtones.[86] In fact, according to John Erickson ofSaint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, "The term 'uniate' itself, once used with pride in the Roman communion, had long since come to be considered as pejorative. 'Eastern Rite Catholic' also was no longer in vogue because it might suggest that the Catholics in question differed from Latins only in the externals of worship. According to Richard John Neuhaus, the Second Vatican Council affirmed rather that "Eastern Catholics constitutedchurches, whose vocation was to provide a bridge to the separated churches of the East."[87]
When used in a broader sense, the term "Catholic" is distinguished from "Roman Catholic", which specifically denotes allegiance to the Bishop of Rome, i.e. the Pope. When thus used, "Catholic" also refers to many other Christians, especiallyEastern Orthodox andAnglicans, but also to others, includingOld Catholics and members of variousIndependent Catholic churches, who consider themselves to be within the "Catholic" tradition.[88] They describe themselves as "Catholic", but not "Roman Catholic" and not under the authority of the Pope. Similarly,Henry Mills Alden writes:
The various Protestant sects cannot constitute one Church because they have nointercommunion... each Protestant Church, whether Methodist or Baptist or whatever, is in perfect communion with itself everywhere as the Roman Catholic; and in this respect, consequently, the Roman Catholic has no advantage or superiority, except in the point of numbers. As a further necessary consequence, it is plain that the Roman Church is no more Catholic in any sense than a Methodist or a Baptist.[89]
According to this viewpoint, "For those who 'belong to the Church,' the term Methodist Catholic, or Presbyterian Catholic, or Baptist Catholic, is as proper as the term Roman Catholic. It simply means that body of Christian believers over the world who agree in their religious views, and accept the same ecclesiastical forms."[90]
PopeJohn Paul II referred to himself as "the Head of the Roman Catholic Church" (29 September 1979).[91] He called the Church "Roman Catholic" when speaking to the Jewish community in Mainz on 17 November 1980,[92] in a message to those celebrating the 450th anniversary of theConfessio Augustana on 25 June 1980,[93] when speaking to the people of Mechelen, Belgium on 18 May 1985,[94] when talking to representatives of Christian confessions in Copenhagen, Denmark on 7 June 1989,[95] when addressing a delegation from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople on 29 June 1989,[96] at a meeting of the Ukrainian Synod in Rome on 24 March 1980,[97] at a prayer meeting in the Orthodox cathedral of Bialystok, Poland on 5 June 1991,[98] when speaking to the Polish Ecumenical Council in Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw 9 June 1991,[99] at an ecumenical meeting in the Aula Magna of the Colégio Catarinense, in Florianópolis, Brazil on 18 October 1991,[100] and at the Angelus in São Salvador da Bahia, Brazil on 20 October 1991.[101]
PopeBenedict XVI called the Church "the Roman Catholic Church" at a meeting in Warsaw on 25 May 2006[102] and in joint declarations that he signed with Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams on 23 November 2006[103] and with Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople on 30 November 2006.[104]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[Roman] is useful in a description of the Church, because it suggests the monarchical form of government, and it indicates the central seat of government. (page 131).
870: The sole Church of Christ which in the Creed we profess to be one, holy, catholic, and apostolic, . . . subsists in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him. Nevertheless, many elements of sanctification and of truth are found outside its visible confines (LG 8).
Surrounded by Mussulmans, schismatics, and heretics, they are proud to call themselves Roman Catholics
It should be mentioned that in the past the Eastern Catholic churches were often referred to as 'Uniate' churches. Since the term is now considered derogatory, it is no longer used.
For those who "belong to the Church," the term Methodist Catholic, or Presbyterian Catholic, or Baptist Catholic, is as proper as the term Roman Catholic. It simply means that body of Christian believers over the world who agree in their religious views, and accept the same ecclesiastical forms.
Catholic 12,810,705; split into: Roman Catholic 12,728,885; Ukrainian Catholic 51,790; Greek Catholic, n.o.s. 14,255; etc
Religion: Roman Catholic (97% ), Orthodox (1.5%), Greek Catholic (1%), others (0.5% )
Roman Catholic 4.62%, Greek-Catholic 0.80%
Religions: Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5%
Religions: Roman Catholic Church 1 082 463; Greek Catholic Church 9 883
Roman Catholic Church (68.9%), Greek Catholic Church (4.1%)
communities of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 3,765; communities of the Ukrainian Roman Catholic Church 942
While this term ["Roman Catholic Church"] has never been part of the official title of the Catholic Church, it can be thought of as synonymous with the more correctLatin Rite Church
A Roman Cathodic is a Catholic who uses the Roman rite, just as an Armenian Cathodic is one who uses the Armenian rite.
It must be accepted that "Roman Catholic and "Roman Church" are not equivalent terms [...] In saying this, I realise I am swimming against the current of popular expression, the practice of many writers [...] and, possibly, some Eastern Catholic Churches.
Greek Catholic priests, like Orthodox but unlike Roman Catholic priests, could marry.
Note: Romanian, Greek, and Ukrainian statistics may be translations that reflect the usage of "Roman Catholic" in the original languages, and may not necessarily reflect the prevailing use of the term among native English speakers.