Robert PersonsSJ (24 June 1546 – 15 April 1610),[1] later known asRobert Parsons, was an EnglishJesuit priest. He was a major figure in establishing the 16th-century "English Mission" of theSociety of Jesus.
Robert Persons was born atNether Stowey,Somerset, toyeoman parents. Through the favour of local parson named John Hayward, a former monk, he was educated in 1562 atSt. Mary's Hall, Oxford. After completing his degrees with distinction, he became a fellow and tutor atBalliol in 1568.[2]
As a Fellow of Balliol College, Persons clashed with the Master there,Adam Squire, and also the academic and Roman Catholic priestChristopher Bagshaw.[1] On 13 February 1574, he was subsequently forced to resign. Through discussion and encouraged by pupillage withFather William Good, SJ, he travelled overseas to become a Jesuit priest at St Paul's, Rome on 3 July 1575.
Persons accompaniedEdmund Campion on his mission to fellow English Catholics in 1580. The Jesuit General,Everard Mercurian, had been reluctant to involve the Society directly in English ecumenical affairs. He was persuaded by an Italian Jesuit provincial, and later by Superior GeneralClaudio Acquaviva, afterWilliam Cardinal Allen had found Mercurian resistant to change in October 1579.[3] Persons fast tracked English recruits to the Jesuits, and planned to set up cooperation with the remaining Englishsecular clergy. He became impatient with Father Good's approach to the situation. Campion was much less of an enthusiast than he was.[4]
The mission was immediately compromised asthe pope had sent a separate group to the Jesuit mission[clarification needed], to support the Irish rebel,James FitzMaurice FitzGerald. Persons and Campion only learned of this event inReims while they were en route to England. After the initial invasion force under the mercenaryThomas Stukley had achieved nothing successful in 1578, the intervention under FitzGerald caused the English authorities to monitor therecusants closely, and try to finance the campaign against the papal forces with exactions from them.[5] Campion and Persons crossed separately into England.[3]
In June 1580Thomas Pounde, then in theMarshalsea Prison, went to speak to Persons[how?]. This action then resulted in a petition from Pounde to the Privy Council to allow a disputation where the Jesuits would take onRobert Crowley andHenry Tripp, who used to preach to theMarshalsea inmates. Campion and Persons also prepared their own personal statements, to be kept in reserve. The immediate consequence was that Pounde was then transferred toBishop's Stortford Castle; but the prepared statement by Campion was later circulated soon after his capture.[6]
Much of the time Persons spent in England was taken up with covert printing, and pamphleteering. He made his negative view on churchpapism clear to the local Catholic clergy, before a synod inSouthwark. The secret printing press needed to be relocated, moving it in early 1581 toStonor Park. Campion was captured in July of that year; and thenStephen Brinkley, who ran the printing press, was taken captive in August. Quite soon after that date Persons left for France.[3] His underlying strategy of trying to embarrass the English government by demanding a forum for his ideals was consistent with the general approach of Allen and Persons, but met with much criticism from the Catholic members. Allen and Parsons persisted with their demand for another two years, but Jesuit opinion was against further confrontation. Campion was forced into disputation in theTower of London under adverse conditions.[7] When Persons left England, he was never to return.[1]
Robert Persons spent the winter of 1581–82 atRouen, and embarked on writing projects. He was in close contact withHenry I, Duke of Guise, and through the Duke founded a school for English boys atEu, on the coast to the north-east.Father William Creighton, SJ, was on the way to Scotland. He arrived in January 1582 and was briefed by Persons and the duke. In April Creighton returned with word fromEsmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox; and they went to Paris to confer withWilliam Allen,James Beaton andClaude Mathieu, Jesuit provincial in France, on his military plans and the imprisonedMary, Queen of Scots. The scheme, which Persons supported confidently, advanced further, but was stopped after theraid of Ruthven of August 1582. One consequence was that Allen was made Cardinal, as Persons had recommended.[1]
A new enterprise was projected for September 1583, this time through England. Persons was sent by the Duke of Guise with written instructions to Rome. He returned toFlanders, and stayed for some time at the court of theDuke of Parma. The discovery of theThrockmorton Plot disrupted the plan, and the Duke of Guise became absorbed in French domestic affairs.Philip II of Spain took over the lead, placed the Duke of Parma in charge, and limited involvement to Persons, Allen, and Hew Owen.[1]
It was during this period that Persons was involved in the work later known asLeicester's Commonwealth. Distributed covertly, it came to light in 1584. Persons is now generally thought not to be the author.[3] The British historianJohn Bossy of theUniversity of York was inclined to disagree.[8]
There is a scholarly consensus that the intention was to affect French domestic politics, strengthening the Guise faction against Anglophiles. Correspondingly his[whose?] own standing suffered in some quarters.[3] Claudio Acquaviva by the end of the year was concerned that the Jesuit strategies for France and the English mission would turn out to be inconsistent in the longer term, and consulted Pope Gregory XIII on the matter. Persons as his subordinate had been told to drop plans to assassinate Elizabeth.[9]
In September 1585, Persons and Allen went to Rome afterPope Sixtus V succeeded Pope Gregory XIII. Persons was still there when theSpanish Armada sailed in 1588. At this period Allen and Persons made a close study of thesuccession to Elizabeth I of England, working with noted genealogistRobert Heighinton.[1] Persons took his vows of final profession in the Jesuits in Rome on 7 May 1587.
Robert Persons was sent to Spain at the close of 1588 to conciliatePhilip II of Spain, who was offended[why?] withClaudio Acquaviva. Persons was successful, and then made use of the royal favour to found the seminaries ofValladolid,Seville, andMadrid (1589, 1592, 1598) and the residences ofSan Lucar and ofLisbon (which became a college in 1622). He then succeeded in establishing atSt Omer (1594) a larger institution to which the boys from Eu were transferred. It is the institutional ancestor ofStonyhurst College.[2]
In 1596, inSeville, he wroteMemorial for the Reformation of England, which gave in some detail a blueprint for the kind of society England was to become after its return to the faith. He had hoped to succeedAllen as Cardinal on the latter's death.
Persons was, in 1605, the year of theGunpowder Plot, the leading Jesuit priest in England. As religious tensions escalated, andEdward Coke pressed to establish the supremacy of thecommon law over the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, Robert Persons published his polemical responseAn Answere to the Fifth Part of the Reports, disputing the historical accuracy of Coke's claims about the common law in his report onCaudry's Case, especially the claim that a Tudor era statute asserting the Supremacy of the Crown was based onpre-Conquest common law, pointing to a lack of evidence for authoritative statutes before the reign ofHenry III.[10]
He had hoped to succeedAllen as Cardinal on the latter's death. Unsuccessful, he was rewarded with the rectorship of theEnglish College in Rome, where he died at the age of 63.John Donne'sPseudo Martyr (1610) engages critically with Persons' views.
A brief discovrs contayning certayne reasons why Catholiques refuse to goe to Church . . . dedicated by I. H. to the queenes most excellent Maiestie. Doway, John Lyon [London], 1580. This work was published through a clandestineprinting press in London, printed as a consequence of decisions at a synod atSouthwark held not long after Frs. Persons and Campion landed. It was aimed at implementing a 1563 declaration ofPope Pius IV that Catholics should not mix with heretics.[11]
A Discouerie of I. Nicols, minister, misreported a Jesuite, latelye recanted in the Tower of London. Doway [London], 1580. Printed by Persons atStonor Park, it concerned a renegade Catholic priest.[12] In a poem which begins,Gwrandewch ddatcan, meddwl maith ("Hear a song, a great thought,"), St.Richard Gwyn, who was Canonized in 1970 as one of theForty Martyrs of England and Wales, both summarized Fr. Persons' work and rendered it into a work ofWelsh poetry instrict meter. All of the reasons given by Fr. Persons for Catholics to refuse to attend Anglican services were listed by St. Richard Gwyn in the poem, "but of course only in brief poetic way."[13]
A briefe censure upon two bookes written in answer to M. Edmund Campians offer of disputation. Doway, John Lyon [really at Mr. Brooke's house near London], 1581. AgainstWilliam Charke andMeredith Hanmer, who had engaged in controversy with Campion.[12]
De persecvtione Anglicana commentariolus a collegio Anglicano Romano hoc anno 1582 in vrbe editus et iam denuo Ingolstadii excusus . . . anno eodem. Also,De persecutione Angl. libellus, Romæ, ex typogr. G. Ferrarii, 1582.
Dedication ofDe persecvtione Anglicana commentariolus (1582) by Robert Persons to CardinalFilippo Boncompagni
A Defence of the censvre gyven vpon tvvo bookes of William Charke and Meredith Hanmer, mynysters, 1582.
The first booke of the Christian exercise, appertayning to Resolution [Rouen], 1582. Preface signed R. P. Afterwards much enlarged, under the title ofA Christian Directorie, guiding men to their saluation, devided into three books, anno 1585, and often reprinted (40 editions by 1640). This was a major devotional work in English, and was soon adapted byEdmund Bunny to Protestant needs.[14]
Relacion de algunos martyres ... en Inglaterra, traduzida en Castellano, 1590.William Thomas Lowndes considered that Persons was the probable author of this work on theEnglish martyrs, as well as its translator into Spanish.[15]
Elizabethæ Angliæ reginæ hæresim Calvinianam propvgnantis sævissimvm in Catholicos sui regni Edictvm . . . promulgatum Londini 29 Nouembris 1591. Cum responsione ad singula capita . . . per D. Andream Philopatrum, presb. ac theol. Romanum, Lvgduni, 1592. This Latin work was a detailed rebuttal of a proclamation of Elizabeth I of October 1591, against seminary priests and Jesuits.[16] It was published under the pseudonymAndreas Philopater.[17]
Page from Robert Persons's anonymous work of 1594 on the future succession to Elizabeth I, discussingLady Arbella Stuart
A Memoriall for the Reformation of England conteyning certayne notes and advertisements which seeme might be proposed in the first parliament and nationall councell of our country after God of his mercie shall restore it to the catholique faith [...]; gathered and set downe by R. P., 1596. Left in manuscript, the circulation having included Isabella Clara Eugenia.[3] It was first published in 1690 byEdward Gee, asJesuits Memorial for the intended Reformation of England.
A Temperate Ward-word to the turbulent and seditious Wach-word of Sir Francis Hastinges, knight, who indevoreth to slander the whole Catholique cause.... By N. D. 1599. Controversy withSir Francis Hastings.[19]
The Copie of a letter written by F. Rob. Persons, the jesuite, 9 Oct 1599, to M. D. Bis[op] and M. Cha[rnock], two banished and consigned priests... for presuming to goe to Rome in the affaires of the Catholicke church. This was printed inCopies of certain Discourses, Roane, 1601, pp. 49–67, edited byWilliam Bishop, one of the appellants in theArchpriest controversy; the other appellant named is Robert Charnock.[20][21]
A Briefe Apologie or Defence of the Catholike ecclesiastical hierarchie & subordination in England, erected these later yeares by our holy Father ... and impugned by certayne libels printed ... by some vnquiet persons under the name of priests of the seminaries. Written ... by priests vnited in due subordination to the right rev. Archpriest [early in 1602]. Anti-appellant work in the Archpriest controversy.[22]
An Appendix to the Apologie lately set forth for the defence of the hierarchie [1602]. A Latin translation of the 'Appendix' was also published in the same year.
A Manifestation of the great folly and bad spirit of certayne in England calling themselves secular priestes, who set forth dayly most infamous and contumelious libels against worthy men of their own religion. By priests liuing in obedience, 1602. Anti-appellant work in the Archpriest controversy.[12]
The Warn-word to Sir F. Hastings Wastword: conteyning the issue of three former treatises, the Watchword, the Ward-word, and the Wastword . . . Whereunto is adjoyned a brief rejection of an insolent . . . minister masked with the letters O. E. (i.e.Matthew Sutcliffe).By N. D., 1602.
A Treatise of Three Conversions of England ... divided into three parts. The former two whereof are handled in this book. . . . By N. D., author of the Ward-word, 1603. Polemical work againstJohn Foxe's anti-Catholic reading of history.[23]
The Third part of a treatise intituled of the Three Conversions of England. Conteyning an examen of the Calendar or Catalogue of Protestant saints . . . devised by Fox. By N. D. (preface dated November 1603).
A Review of ten pvblike dispvtations or conferences held within the compasse of foure yeares vnder K. Edward and Qu. Mary. By N.D., 1604 (separately paged but issued with third part of 'Three Conversions).
A Relation of the triall made before the king of France upon the yeare 1600 betweene the bishop of Évreux and the L. Plessis Mornay. Newly reviewed . . . with a defence thereof against the impugnations both of the L. Plessis in France and O. E. in England. By N. D., 1604. On the debate atFontainebleau on 4 May 1600 betweenJacques-Davy Duperron andPhilippe de Mornay.[24]
An Ansvvere to the fifth part of Reportes lately set forth by Syr Edward Cooke knight, the King's attorney generall, concerning the ancient and moderne municipal lawes of England, which do appertayne to spiritual power and jurisdiction. By a Catholick Deuyne [St. Omer], 1606. Polemical work againstSir Edward Coke's anti-Catholic reading of thecommon law.[23]
Quæstiones duæ: quarum 1a est, an liceat Catholicis Anglicanis . . . Protestantium ecclesias vel preces adire: 2da utrum non si precibus ut concionibus saltem hæreticis . . . licite possint interesse easque audire [St. Omer], 1607.Pope Paul V had repeated the declaration against Catholics attending Protestant churches.[25]
A treatise tending to mitigation tovvards Catholicke-subiectes in England. . . . Against the seditious wrytings of Thomas Morton, minister. By P. R., 1607 (the first part is onrebellion, the second concerns the doctrine ofequivocation). Written in the aftermath of theGunpowder Plot, the work argues forreligious toleration in England.[26]
The Judgment of a Catholicke Englishman liuing in banishment for his religion . . . concerning a late booke [by K. James] entituled: Triplici nodo triplex cuneus, or an apologie for the oath of allegiance. . . . wherin the said oath is shewn to be vnlawful. . . . 1608. Contribution to theallegiance oath controversy.[27]
Dutifull and respective considerations upon foure severall heads . . . proposed by the high and mighty Prince James ... in his late book of Premonition to all Christian princes. . . . By a late minister and preacher in England, St. Omer, 1609 (written by Persons forHumphrey Leech, under whose name it appeared). Argues for tolerance for Catholicism in its integrity.[28]
A quiet and sober reckoning with M. Thomas Morton, somewhat set in choler by his advesary P. R. ... There is also adioyned a peece of reckoning with Syr Edward Cooke, now LL. Chief Justice, 1609. AgainstThomas Morton, who had argued that recusant Catholics were necessarily disloyal, Persons argued that Catholicism could co-exist peacefully with the Church of England.[3]
A Discussion of the answer of M. William Barlow, Doctor of Diuinity, to the book intituled, The Judgment of a Catholic Englishman, St. Omers, 1612 (published after Persons's death, with a supplement byThomas Fitzherbert). Reply toWilliam Barlow in the allegiance oath controversy.[27]
Epitome controversiarum hujus temporis was a manuscript preserved in Balliol College.[1]
An Apologicall Epistle: directed to the right honourable lords and others of her majesties privie counsell. Serving as well for a preface to a Booke entituled A Resolution of Religion [signed R. B.], Antwerp, 1601, is byRichard Broughton rather than Persons (as theDictionary of National Biography says).[29] Some works againstThomas Bell were thought to be by Persons (as in the DNB), but were in fact by Philip Woodward.[30][31][32]
^Brooks, Christopher W. (2009).Law, Politics and Society in Early Modern England. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 121.ISBN9780521323918.
Hogge, Alice (2006).God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot. Harper Perennial.ISBN978-0007156382.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1895). "Parsons, Robert (1546-1610)".Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 43. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
