| Robert College Robert Kolej | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Address | |
 | |
Kuruçeşme Cad. No. 87 Turkey | |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent,day andboarding |
| Established | 1863; 162 years ago (1863) |
| Founder | Christopher Robert andCyrus Hamlin |
| CEEB code | 696220 |
| Headmaster | Adam Oliver and Nilhan Çetinyamaç |
| Grades | Prep, 9–12 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Enrollment | 1,045 190 boarding 276 on scholarship |
| Language | English, Turkish |
| Campus size | 265 acres (107 ha) |
| Campus type | Urban |
| Houses | Gould Hall, Mitchell Hall, Woods Hall, Sage Hall, Bingham Hall, Feyyaz Berker Hall, Suna Kıraç Hall, Nejat Eczacıbaşı Hall |
| Student Union/Association | Robert College Student Council |
| Color(s) | |
| Mascot | Bobcat |
| Team name | Bobcats |
| Rival | Üsküdar American Academy |
| Accreditation | NYSAIS |
| Newspaper | Bosphorus Chronicle |
| Yearbook | Record |
| Website | www |
TheAmerican Robert College of Istanbul (Turkish:İstanbul Özel Amerikan Robert Lisesi orRobert Kolej[ˈɾobæɾtkoˈleʒ]), often abbreviated asRobert orRC, is ahighly selective,independent,co-educational,privatehigh school inTurkey. The school is situated in a 265-acre (107 ha) wooded campus on the European side ofIstanbul in theBeşiktaş district, with the historicArnavutköy neighborhood to the east and the upscale Ulus neighborhood to the west. Founded in 1863, Robert College is the oldest continuously operating American school outside theUnited States.[a][1][2]
The school has a longlist of notable alumni, including scientists, entrepreneurs, politicians, journalists, artists, threeTurkish prime ministers, fourBulgarian prime ministers,[1][3] multiple members of theTurkish cabinet,Nobel laureateOrhan Pamuk and philanthropistOsman Kavala. Robert College is a member of theG30 Schools group, and is accredited by theNew York State Association of Independent Schools.
In 1863, Robert College was founded inBebek byChristopher Robert, a wealthy American philanthropist, andCyrus Hamlin, amissionary devoted to education. Six years after its foundation, with the permission (Ottoman Turkish:irade) of theOttoman Sultan, the first campus (currently housingBoğaziçi University) was built inBebek at the ridge of theRumeli Castle. At the time, the school was very close to aBektashi tekke, whose leaders maintained an excellent relationship with theCongregational andPresbyterian founders of Robert College, according toFriedrich Schrader, a German lecturer at Robert College during the 1890s.[4] Hamlin, who became the first president of Robert College, was preoccupied with the construction of the campus such thatGeorge Washburn acted as thede facto head of the college from 1871 onwards. In 1877, he was officially named president by the trustees. During his tenure between 1877 and 1903, Washburn "gradually assembled a faculty of distinguished scholars who firmly established the college's academic reputation."[5][6]
Christopher Robert died in 1878, leaving a significant portion of his wealth to the college.[7] In that same year, a college catalog was compiled, providing general information and an outline of the courses of study.[5] Defining the aims of the college, the catalog stated: "The object of the College is to give to its students, without distinction of race or religion, a thorough educational equal in all respects to that obtained at a first-class American college and based upon the same general principles."[1]
After Washburn, Robert College was administrated by Caleb Gates (1903–1932). During his presidency, the student body of the school underwent a major demographic transition; whereas the student body previously consisted of Bulgarian, Romanian, and otherChristian minorities in the Ottoman Empire, theYoung Turks' liberalization of policies directed towards foreign schools and an increasing demand amongst Turks for a western education resulted in considerable numbers of Turkish students enrolling.[5] Founded at the time of theOttoman Empire as an institution of higher learning serving the Christian minorities of the Empire as well as foreigners living inConstantinople, the school adopted a strictly secular educational model in accordance with the republican principles of Turkey in 1923. Robert College, at various points of its existence, hadjunior high school,high school, anduniversity sections under the namesRobert Academy,Robert Yüksek andAmerican College for Girls. Since 1971, the current-day Robert College has functioned only as a "high school"[8] (more comparable to the Frenchlycée in academic rigor) on itsArnavutköy campus (formerly the campus ofAmerican College for Girls), yet it retains the title of "College". TheBebek campus and academic staff were turned over to theRepublic of Turkey for use as a public university namedBoğaziçi University, the renamed continuation of Robert College's university section.
.jpg)
| Heads of Robert College | |
|---|---|
| Head | Years of service |
| Cyrus Hamlin | 1863–1877 |
| George Washburn | 1877–1903 |
| Caleb Frank Gates | 1903–1932 |
| Paul Monroe | 1932–1935 |
| Walter Livingston Wright | 1935–1943 |
| Harold Lorain Scott(acting president) | 1943–1944 |
| Floyd Henson Black | 1944–1955 |
| Duncan Smith Ballantine | 1955–1961 |
| Harold Locke Hazen(acting president) | 1961 |
| Patrick Murphy Malin | 1962–1964 |
| James L. Brainerd (acting president) | 1965 |
| Dwight James Simpson | 1965–1967 |
| Howard P. Hall(acting president) | 1967–1968 |
| John Scott Everton | 1968–1971 |
| John Clay Chalfant | 1971–1977 |
| James Richard Maggart | 1977–1981 |
| Elizabeth Dabanovitch(acting head) | 1981–1982 |
| Alan Donn Kesselheim | 1982–1984 |
| Margaret A. Johnson | 1984–1988 |
| Harry A. Dawe | 1988–1992 |
| Benjamin D. Williams III(interim head) | 1992–1993 |
| Christopher Wadsworth | 1993–2001 |
| Livingston Merchant | 2001–2005 |
| John Russell Chandler | 2005–2012 |
| Anthony Jones | 2012–2015 |
| Charles H. Skipper | 2015–2019 |
| Adam Oliver | 2019–present |
As of 1999[update], as per TurkishMinistry of National Education (MEB) regulations, Turkish is the instructional language of history and social studies classes.[10]
Robert College accepts 180 to 220 students each year, who have scored within the top 0.2 percentile in a nationwide examination, which every Turkish student must take in order to study in a high school (secondary education) after they complete theirprimary education. The school has around 1000 students each academic year.
In the 1998–1999 academic year there were 942 students, with 99% havingTurkish nationality.[11]
Circa 1904, the school had about 300 students, with boarding space for about 200.Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 workTurkish Life in Town and Country that at that time most of the students were Christian as the college had a requirement for students to attend Christian Sunday church services and chapel services, and "it would be unsafe for any professed Moslem to become either a resident or a daily student" since the Ottoman government would take a dim view of a Muslim going to chapel. In 1904, Greek students made up the majority and other students included significant numbers of Armenians and Bulgarians.[12]
The faculty have an average of 20 years of teaching experience and the majority have either Turkish or United States citizenship. The school currently has faculty who are 50%Turkish, and 48% native English speakers (including faculty from English-speaking countries other than the United States). Sixty percent of the full-time faculty hold master's degrees or higher.[13]
As of 1999[update] there were 102 teachers, with 45% being Turkish and 32% being American. Of the teachers, eight were part-time.[11] The school's guidance counselors, as of that year, were English-speaking Turkish citizens.[10]
As of 1999[update], as per Turkish Ministry of National Education regulations, the school employs only Turkish citizens to teach history and social studies classes.[10]
As of 1999[update], the school pays its foreign employees funds so that their children may attendIstanbul International Community School. If an employee chooses another school, Robert College will pay an equivalent amount.[14]
In 1904, the faculty included Americans, Turks, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Greeks.[12]
Robert College is a five-yearhigh school, with the first year (Prep) being the English immersion year that prepares students for rigorous curriculum, which is mostly in English. English is the language of instruction used in Science, Mathematics, Literature, Physical Education, Art and Music courses.Turkish is the required language of instruction in social sciences and Turkish language/literature.
Robert College graduates traditionally continue their education in the United States or Turkey, though in recent years the number of students studying in Canada and the United Kingdom increased. Every year, approximately 50–60 percent of the graduating class choose to study abroad, while those wishing to study in Turkey get placed in a university based on their score on theCore Proficiency Test–Advanced Proficiency Test (TYT-AYT). In 2006, Robert College ranked first in all three sections of ÖSS, a formerly-administered Student Selection and Placement System test, among private high schools in Turkey, with 76 out of 132 students taking the exam scoring in the top 0.3% (top 5000). Out of the 104 students who chose to study in Turkey, 29 were admitted toBoğaziçi University, which is the overall highest ranking school in Turkey. 56 students chose to continue their education abroad and 36% of these students are attendingIvy League colleges.[15] In 2011, Robert College placed 123 graduates in Turkish universities, 21 of them, 40%, inBoğaziçi University. Another 53 planned to study abroad, 8 (15%) in the Ivy League. Of the 79 students who had applied abroad, 75 were offered admission.[16]
Robert College has about 100 student activity clubs as of 2015. Robert College introduced basketball to theOttoman Empire in 1907. The firstStudent Council inOttoman Empire was also formed in 1908 in Robert College.[9]
Student Council is formed of a group of annually elected student governors and a faculty advisor. The elected body is proportional with class size. As well as class representatives, the president, the vice president, the secretary and the treasurer are elected after a period of campaigning.Student Council is responsible for facilitating communications between students, faculty and administration, as well as organizing social activities and fundraising for clubs. Student Council also organizes the largest and oldest high school festival,Fine Arts Festival, in Turkey. The President of the Student Council, representing the student body, makes a speech during the opening, closing, and graduation ceremonies.
TheFine Arts Festival is the largest secondary school festival in Turkey. It has been held annually since 1982 by the Robert College Student Council. Each year, more than 2,000 people attend the festival, which is traditionally held in May. The festival is a big event in which many student groups can perform on stage. There are various art exhibitions and dance shows that also take place. Student Council members visit other high schools in Istanbul and advertise for this event. At the end of the festival, a well-known artist or band typically performs on stage. Most of the revenues used to fund this event are raised through food and ticket sales. Food vendors are usually selected by Student Council members and consist of restaurants close to Robert College such as "kumpir" sellers in Ortaköy. This promotes the tight-knit Robert College community spirit.[17]
The International Istanbul Youth Forum is an annually held conference at Robert College. It has been organized every year since 2006 with participants from numerous European countries. Each year, more than 150 participants from all over Europe gather at the RC campus. The conference is organized by the Robert College European Youth Club.
Robert College Ethical Values Club organizes an ethics case study contest at national level among high school students, following their forum. The results are announced at the Ethics Conference near the end of the year. Both events attract more than twenty public and private schools from around Turkey.[18]
Robert College International Model United Nations (RCIMUN) is a THIMUN-affiliatedModel United Nations conference organized annually by the Robert College Model United Nations Club (RCMUN) since 2006. The conference includes four General Assembly committees, those being the Political, Human Rights, Environment, and Disarmament Committees, a Special Conference committee, theSecurity Council of UN, an Advisory Panel,ECOSOC, Specialized Agencies (RCSA), the equivalent of two intertwined historical committees which simulate a single historical event, a separate Historical Security Council, as well as a simulation of theInternational Criminal Court. Approximately 750 students, of which about 42% were from international schools attended the 2012 conference.[19]
Istanbul Gençlik Forumu is a national conference where representatives from over 30 high schools from different regions come together to discuss issues regarding the future of Turkey. In 2008, the fifth IGF welcomed over 250 participants. Discussions about international affairs are held in Turkish and each committee is responsible for writing a resolution. Then, at the General Assembly, each resolution is discussed and voted on. It is also the National Selection Conference of EYP Turkey, which is also recognized by the international office of European Youth Parliament. The conference is held annually and is organized by the Robert College European Youth Club.
Organized by the Robert College Theater Club, TIFES is one of the major theatrical events at high school level in Turkey. The festival takes place in Robert College campus during the first week of June. Numerous plays are put on stage during the week inSuna Kıraç Hall and famous actors, actresses and playwrights give talks on topics related to theatrical arts.[20]
Robert College Junior Achievement Club is hosting this event. About 300 Junior Achievement students from all over Turkey meet each other and share their experiences with others and entrepreneurs and artists related to the topics like Risk (2010), Alternative Careers (2009), Creating a Brand (2008).[citation needed]
The Eurasian Schools Debating Championships (ESDC) is an annually organized, WSDC-style debating tournament, that welcomes high school students representing a wide range of countries. While being the only student-run, high school level debating organization, it has gained a reputation as one of the best WSDC-style tournaments worldwide. With the participation of experienced judges, numerous national teams and outstanding debaters across the globe, it happened to be among the most popular debating organizations. In 2021, the organization rocketed with over 400 debaters and 98 teams from 20 countries.
The 65-acre (260,000 m2) wooded campus overlooking theBosphorus, originally designed byCharles H. Rutan ofShepley, Rutan and Coolidge,[21] is home to fiveneoclassical buildings as well as threebrutalist ones, centennial trees and a rich fauna, among which the Bosphorus Beetle, an endemic species to this campus, could be counted.
The oldest educational building on the campus, Gould Hall (/ɡuːld/) is a gift from Helen Gould Shepard, daughter of the famous 19th century Wall Street financierJay Gould. She donated US$150,000 for the construction, which began in 1911 and was completed in 1914. The front and back entrances to the building lead to Marble Hall, named such due to the abundant usage ofmarble in its decor. Marble Hall acts as a lobby for the building, and also houses part of the school's archeological collection. The Faculty Parlor, formerly used as the teachers' room, and the Conference Room, are both adjacent to and accessible from Marble Hall. Gould Hall also houses administrative offices, classrooms, the İbrahim Bodur library, the Heritage Room, and the RC Commons area,[b] as well as the Turkish Literature and Social Sciences Departments, and the English Department Heads office. The building, particularly with its largeionic columns, is the de facto symbol of the school. Ivies and wisteria plants surround the building's walls.[22] On its front entablature, the words "American College for Girls" and "Gould Hall" are visible. Thecornerstone of the building, set on November 9, 1911, by then-United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire,William Woodville Rockhill, contains atime capsule. The inscription "AD MDCCCCXI", denoting the year of the capsule's burial inRoman numerals, is displayed on the South Wing of the front façade.[23]
Originally home to the school kitchens and dining room, the building was a gift from MissOlivia E. Phelps Stokes, who donated US$100,000. A modest woman, she asked for the building to be named in memory of her friend,Sarah Lindlay Mitchell. Today, the building houses classrooms used primarily for mathematics lessons, the Math Department, theSait Halman Computer Center, the teachers' room, the audio-visual center, two Multimedia Rooms (MMRs), and a small English department office. The top floor, M400, is used for examinations, minor conferences, and weekly club sessions.
Completed in 1914, the building was a partial gift from Mrs. Henry Woods ofBoston, who donated US$58,000, with Helen Gould Shepard supplying the remaining US$25,000 required. It was used as a Science Building until 1990, and today is home to classrooms used primarily for English lessons, two English department offices, and two college counselling offices.
A gift from Mrs. Margaret Olivia Sage, widow ofRussell Sage, a famous 19th century financier and associate of Jay Gould, Sage Hall is one of the few buildings still used for its original purpose. A philanthropist, she donated US$100,000 for the building, built as a dormitory. Today, the building houses the girls' dormitories, infirmary, art studios and adarkroom.
Originally built as a medical school building, financed by William Bingham in memory of his mother, Mary Payne Bingham, the building housed the junior high school section from 1925 to 1992. Today, it is home to the boys' dormitories, as well as a secondary theater room, and business and administrative offices. A plaque commemorating the construction of the building, which reads "Mary Payne Bingham Hall, erected in honor of Mary Payne Bingham by her son William Bingham 2nd", is visible above the front entrance.
Feyyaz Berker Hall, colloquially referred to as "Feyyaz",[c] today houses the science labs and classrooms, as well as the Science Department. The building was completed in 1990, and named after its largest donor, leading Turkish businessman and Robert Collegetrustee,Feyyaz Berker (Robert College Eng '46 alumnus). The front of the building has arched windows, which mimic the façade of Gould Hall. Contents of the Biology Museum, which has one of the rarest collections in Turkey, are scattered across the second and third floors of the building.
A state-of-the-art theater building completed in 1990, including a large stage, make-up rooms, modern sound and lighting system and seating for 512 people, was named after its largest donorSuna Kıraç (American College for Girls '60 alumnus), a leading Turkish businesswoman and Robert College Trustee. Its basement houses the music department and several music rooms.
The modern school gymnasium was opened in 1990 and named after its largest donor, prominent Turkish bio-chemist and businessman Dr.Nejat Eczacıbaşı (Robert College '32 alumnus). Its basement houses the Multi-Purpose Room (MPR),P.E. department offices, and the AR-VR lab, located in the area where Cep (Turkish for "Pocket"), a student lounge area used to be in.
When founded in 1863, Robert College had four students. A sum of $2,120 had been allocated to the library, andHarvard University had donated 200 volumes for the opening of the library. During the 1950s and '60s, the college had one of the largest collections in Turkey. (In 1957: 111,598 books and 214 periodicals; the American College for Girls Library 27,163 books and 108 periodicals, according to theTurkiye Kütüphaneleri Rehberi (Turkish Libraries Guide) published by theTurkish National Library that year. After the foundation ofBoğaziçi University, the college donated most of its collections to the newly founded university. Today, Robert College has a print collection of approximately 40,000 resources in both Turkish and English. It also has an expanding collection of eBooks, eMagazines and databases that can be accessed both on and off campus. The library went through an extensive renovation in 2014 and occupies an area of 1034 square meters, with aseating capacity of 290 people on the second and third floors of Gould Hall.[24]
Robert College's tuition fees, for the 2020–2021 academic year,[26] are:
| Day Student | Boarder (5 days) | Boarder (7 days) |
|---|---|---|
| TRY 109,000 | TRY 149,300 | TRY 167,770 |
| US$14,750 | US$20,235 | US$22,735 |
Tuition fees are adjusted each year according to the inflation rates in a limited range set by theMinistry of National Education (MEB).
Robert College has consistently ranked as the most expensive high school in Turkey by tuition.[27] According to school data, 26% of students received some form of financial aid for the 2019–2020 academic year.[28]
Robert College files its taxes inNew York State through two separate501(c)(3)tax-exemptnon-profit organizations: theTrustees of Robert College of Istanbul, tax-exempt since December 1947, and theRobert College Foundation, tax-exempt since May 2000. The data is publicly available onProPublica. As ofFiscal Year 2017, the two organizations reported a combined revenue of 28.7 million USD.[29][30]
Tuition fees and donations constitute a significant majority of the school's income. In 2019, income from tuition fees covered 55% of the school's expenses, with most of the remainder being supplied by donations. A majority of donors are alumni of the school, though financial institutions and corporations have donated as well.[31]
Müfide Ferid Tek, aPan-Turkist author, wrotePervaneler, a novel criticizing the foreign, anti-Turkish nature of the American College for Girls. Published in 1924, a year after the declaration of the Turkish Republic, the novel revolves around "Byzantium College" (Turkish:Bizans Kolej), a fictionalized account of the American College for Girls. The story includes Leman, a young Turkish Muslim woman attending Byzantium College. There, she befriends two Turkish girls, Nesime and Bahire. Nesime is the daughter of a famous MevleviSheik, Amir Çelebi. Her education at Byzantium College alienates her from her Turkish and Muslim identities, leading her to convert to Protestantism to migrate to the United States. Bahire is a woman who "dresses like a man", rejects her gender roles, and is captivated by the westernfeminist movement. She also moves to the United States to attend feminist lectures. Leman, influenced by her friends, meets Jack Peterson, an American soldier in deployment, and escapes to the United States to marry him.[32] These three figures represent cautionary tales for what the author believes will happen to Turkish youth in non-national educational institutions.
In the novel, Byzantium College is depicted as the principal institution corrupting young Turkish women — both a literal and figurative enclave of the foreign powers whoinvaded, but failed to hold Istanbul. According to the novel, the "Greek" and "foreign" architecture of the school—possibly a reference to the Greek ionic columns of Gould Hall—provides those visiting its campus a sense of entering into a separate country. Throughout the book, the school is described thus: "truly, this was the capital city of an American–Armenian country... [it was] like a separate country within our motherland". Similar anti-Armenian sentiments dominate the novel: in the school's museum, artifacts by Armenian, Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Russian peoples are displayed, whereas Turkish culture is denied.[33]
In the 2014–2015 academic year, a student was admitted to Robert College with a lower high school entry exam score than was required. The admitted student was the twin sister of another student who had gained admission to Robert College with her exam score.[34] On 25 March 2015,Hürriyet reported that the student was admitted to Robert College with the instruction of theMinistry of National Education (MEB).[35] Responding to reports by the media of unfair conduct, the headmaster at the time, Anthony Jones, stated in a letter that "the numerous administrative objections made to [the MEB ruling] by our school have been denied, and we are by law obliged to abide by this ruling."[36]
It was later reported that the student in question could not attend lessons due to "a literal meat shield of students" blocking her, and that she dropped out shortly thereafter.[37]
A government-aligned Islamist newspaper and website,Yeni Akit has published three articles on Robert College since 2017. The first, entitled "Heresy in Robert College" (Turkish:"Robert Koleji'nde Sapkınlık") was an attack on the school'sLGBTQ week. Authored by Faruk Arslan, thehomophobic article characterizedhomosexuality as a "disease", with the subheading "the American Robert College joined the choir of heretics representing the disease of homosexuality as a normal human condition."[38]
In 2018, Faruk Arslan published another article, entitled "The Headscarf Hate of Robert College" ("Robert Koleji'nin Başörtü Düşmanlığı"), claiming thatIslamic headscarfs were banned by the school dress code.[39] In reality, religious headscarfs are allowed in Robert College.
Another article in 2018 by the same author questioned the source of Robert College's funding. In "Where Did Robert College's 900 Trillion [Million] Come From, Where is it Going?" ("Robert Koleji'ne 900 Trilyon Nereden Geldi, Nereye Gidiyor?"), a conspiracy theory surrounding Robert College's finances is concocted. Arslan claims that the 137 million dollars that Robert College acquired within a 5-year span is a result of "the exploitation of Turkey's resources", and is being used for "US interests".[40] In reality, Robert College raises funds through tuition and voluntary donations by its alumni. A501(c)(3)tax-exemptnon-profit organization, Robert College files its taxes inNew York, and its expenditures are publicly available.
_2.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_--_%25CE%2595%25CF%2585%25CE%25B3%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582_%25CE%2595%25CF%2585%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582_(%25CF%2586%25CF%2589%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CE%25AF%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF).jpg)
Since the Ottoman period, Robert College alumni have played a leading role in numerous fields including the arts, academia, science, engineering, business, civil society and government administration.[41] Garnett stated in her 1904 publication that "since its foundation forty years ago many of its graduates have attained to high positions in the Governments of the Balkan principalities, and otherwise distinguished themselves."[12] Three Robert College graduates were the representatives of their countries in thefounding meeting of theUnited Nations held inSan Francisco in March 1945:Nur al-Din Kahala for Syria, Hamiz Atif Kuyucak for Turkey and Dr. Shafaq for Iran.[42]
In 1990, three alumni,Nejat Eczacıbaşı,Suna Kıraç andFeyyaz Berker donated the necessary funds for the construction of the new buildings that are mentioned in the Buildings section. An annual giving campaign raises funds for the school, as costs cannot be met by tuition fees alone. The development office publishes theRC Quarterly, which reaches 10,000[43] Robert College alumni around the world online and by mail.
Bizimtepe, a cultural and recreational center next to the campus, is an affiliate of the Alumni Association.
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
.jpg)
Education....Robert College .... provid[ed] a number of well-educated young men fitted for positions of responsibility.....
[...] college president, Cyrus Hamlin, who retained him, upon graduation in 1871, as an aide to the instructor in the Bulgarian language, Petko V. Gorbanov. On Corbanov's resignation the following year,Panaretov took his place, receiving the rank of professor in 1875 and involving himself in the preparation of a grammar, the first and only part of which appeared in 1881, as well as an English-Bulgarian and Bulgarian-English dictionary, which remained unpublished.
| Neighbourhoods | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quarters | |||||
| Education |
| ||||
| Landmarks | |||||
| Metro Stations |
| ||||
| History | |||||
Foreign private schools inTurkey | ||
|---|---|---|
| France |  | |
| Germany | ||
| United States | ||
| Italy | ||
| Austria | ||
TheAgency for French Education Abroad (AEFE) does not include the schools with asterisks(*)in its list of French international schools in Turkey (under "Turquie") | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
41°04′01″N29°02′05″E / 41.066944°N 29.034861°E /41.066944; 29.034861
