TheRiau Archipelago is ageographic term (as opposed to administrative region) for the core group of islands within theRiau Islands Province inIndonesia, and located south ofSingapore and east ofRiau on Sumatra. Before the province of Riau Islands was formed, there was no ambiguity in term; however, in Indonesian language, both the archipelago and administrative province are referred to simply as "Kepulauan Riau". The province may have the word "Provinsi" preceding it for clarity. Additionally, the termBBK forBatam Bintan Karimun may refer to the archipelago.
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The name of this archipelago predates the creation of the Indonesian province, and historically did not include theLingga Islands orNatuna Islands, which now belong to that province. On the other hand, Singapore was considered a part of the islands, at least in the Islamic eras.
From 650 CE–1377 CE are accepted dates for theSrivijaya empire, when the area seemed to be well within the bounds of their control.TheJambi Kingdom sacked the Srivijaya capital in 1088, allowing that empire to grow and spreadMalay (language) as alingua franca, ostensibly as a successor or part of the Srivijaya empire itself.ThePamalayu expedition force of theSinghasari empire in 1275 sacked the Jambi/Srivijaya forces.Bintan was a staging ground in theMalay Annals for the foundation of a state at Temasek (Singapore).
TheKingdom of Singapura dated from 1299 to 1398 but it not known how much influence it wielded on the nearby Riau archipelago.
When exactly control passed to theMalacca Sultanate is unknown, but that sultanate dates from 1400 until 1511, when thePortuguese conquered and sacked Malacca (Melaka). Some time after, theJohor Sultanate, once itself part of the Malacca Sultanate, took control of the area until SultanMahmud III's death in 1811, andSingapore's purchase in 1819, the islands of the Riau Archipelago, along withTemasek (now Singapore). The islands then became part of theRiau-Lingga Sultanate, created after the succession dispute following the death of Mahmud III of Johor, whenAbdul Rahman was crowned as the first Sultan of Riau-Lingga in 1812.
TheAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 established theborder between Dutch and British interests and awarded the islands to the Dutch sector of influence. Henceforth, Singapore was no longer co-administered. The remaining archipelago became a part of the Residency of Riau and Dependencies (Residentie Riouw en Onderhoorigheden Riouw).
A number of studies and books have detailed the growing violence and concern about identity and social change in the archipelago.[1][2] As theMalay, who were once the dominant ethnic group in the islands, have been reduced to about a third of the population, primarily as a result of immigration from elsewhere in Indonesia, they feel that their traditional rights are threatened. Similarly, the immigrants have felt politically and financially suppressed. Both of these causes have led to increased violence.[3]
Piracy in the archipelago is also an issue.[4]
The main islands areBatam,Rempang,Galang,Bintan,Combol,Kundur, andKarimun.
Tanjung Pinang located in the south of Bintan Island is the provincial capital.Tanjung Balai Karimun is an international port along with Tanjung Pinang.
High speed ferry services exist to the archipelago of the south, theLingga Islands (Kepulauan Lingga).
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