TheRhône wine region inSouthern France is situated in theRhône valley and produces numerous wines under variousAppellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) designations. The region's major appellation in production volume isCôtes du Rhône AOC.

The Rhône is generally divided into two sub-regions with distinct vinicultural traditions, the Northern Rhône (referred to in French asRhône septentrional) and the Southern Rhône (in FrenchRhône méridional). The northern sub-region produces red wines from theSyrah grape, sometimes blended with up to 20% of white wine grapes, and white wines fromMarsanne,Roussanne andViognier grapes. The southern sub-region produces an array of red, white and rosé wines, often blends of several grapes such as inChâteauneuf-du-Pape.

The first cultivated vines in the region were probably planted around 600 BC. The origins of the two most important grape varieties in the northern Rhone (Syrah andViognier) have in the past been subject to speculation. Some suggested that theGreeks were responsible for bringing the Syrah grape from the Persian city ofShiraz. Others that the grape came 50 years later when Greeks fled from the Persian kingCyrus I. Yet others suggested the grape came from the Sicilian city ofSyracuse, whence circa 280 AD the Romans brought it and the Viognier grape.^[1] However, extensive DNA typing and viticultural research has established beyond doubt thatSyrah originated in the Rhône region itself.

When the Romansleft the area interest in the wine of the region disappeared.^[2] Rhône reappeared in the 13th century when the Popes and their considerable purchasing powermoved toAvignon, at which time the production of wine expanded greatly. The wines were traded to such a degree that the Duke of Burgundy banned import and export of non-Burgundian wines. In 1446 the city ofDijon forbade all wines from Lyon, Tournon and Vienne, arguing that they were "très petits et pauvres vins" – very small and miserable wines.^[3]The name Côtes du Rhône comes from public administration in the Middle Ages and was the name (Côte without 's') of a district in the Garddépartement. In 1650, to guard against forgeries a set of rules was passed in an attempt to guarantee the origin of the wine. In 1737 King Louis XV of France decreed that all casks destined for resale should be branded C.D.R. These were the wines from the area around Tavel, Roquemaure, Lirac and Chusclan on the western ('right') bank of the Rhône. Just over 100 years later, wines from the 'left' bank were included in the C.D.R. definition.^[3]

The various AOC wines of the Rhône Valley region are produced by over 6,000 wine growing properties including 1,837 private wineries and 103 cooperatives.^[4] Those vineyard owners which do not vinify their wines themselves deliver their grapes in bulk either to a winemaking cooperative, for exampleCellier des Dauphins, or sell them to one of the 51négociants (wine producers and merchants) who blend, distribute, and export on an industrial scale.

The entire Rhône region produces around 4 million hl of wine each year, of which over half is classified under the Côte du Rhône and Côte du Rhône-Villages appellations. The prestigious Northern Rhône appellations account for less than 5% of the total Rhône wine production.^[5]

The northern Rhône is characterised by acontinental climate with harsh winters but warm summers. Its climate is influenced by themistral wind, which brings colder air from theMassif Central. Northern Rhône is therefore cooler than southern Rhône, which means that the mix of planted grape varieties and wine styles are slightly different.

Syrah is the only redgrape variety permitted in red AOC wines from this sub-region. The grape, which is believed to have originated in or close to the Rhône region, is also widely known as Shiraz, its name inAustralia and much of the English-speaking world, and has recently become very popular with consumers around the world. For wines bearing theCornas AOC designation, Syrah must be used exclusively, whereas other reds from the northern Rhône sub-region may be blended with white wine grapes, either Viognier or Marsanne and Roussanne, depending on the appellation. However, while this is allowed by the AOC rules, blending with white grapes is widely practiced only for Côte-Rôtie.

Viognier by itself is used for white wines fromCondrieu andChâteau-Grillet. Marsanne and Roussanne are in turn used for the whites fromCrozes-Hermitage,Hermitage,Saint Joseph, andSaint Péray.

From north to south the appellations in the northern Rhône are:

• Côte-Rôtie AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 20% Viognier.
• Condrieu AOC - whites of Viognier only.
• Château-Grillet AOC - whites of Viognier.
• Saint-Joseph AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 10% Marsanne and Roussanne; whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.
• Crozes-Hermitage AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne; whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.
• Hermitage AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne; whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.
• Cornas AOC - reds of Syrah only.
• Saint-Péray AOC - sparkling and still whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.

Northern Rhône reds are often identified by their signature aromas of green olive and smoky bacon.

The southern Rhône sub-region has a moreMediterranean climate with milder winters and hot summers. Drought can be a problem in the area, but limitedirrigation is permitted. The differing terroirs, together with the rugged landscape which partly protects the valleys from theMistral, producemicroclimates which give rise to a wide diversity of wines. A feature of the cultivation of the region is the use of large pebbles around the bases of the vines to absorb the heat of the sun during the day to keep the vines warm at night when, due to the cloudless skies, there is often a significant drop in temperature.

The southern Rhône's most famous red wine isChâteauneuf-du-Pape, a blend containing up to 19 varieties of wine grapes (ten red and nine white) as permitted by the Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC rules.^[6] Other nearby AOC regions includingCôtes du Vivarais AOC,Grignan-Les Adhemar AOC,Lirac AOC,Tavel AOC,Vacqueyras AOC, andVentoux AOC may contain even more varieties in the blend.Gigondas AOC, on the other hand, is predominantly made fromGrenache noir has a more restricted set of permitted grapes. Depending on the specific AOC rules, grapes blended into southern Rhône reds may include Grenache, Syrah,Mourvèdre,Carignan andCinsault. Similar wine blends globally are known asGSM, after the first three varietals. The reds from the left bank are full bodied, rich in tannins while young, and are characterized by their aromas of prune, undergrowth, chocolate andripe black fruit. The right bank reds are slightly lighter and fruitier.

Southern Rhône appellations:

• Côtes du Vivarais AOC
• Côtes du Rhône AOC
• Côtes-du-Rhône Villages AOC
• Côtes du Rhône Villages (named villages)
• Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC
• Grignan-Les Adhemar AOC
• Vacqueyras AOC
• Rasteau AOC
• Cairanne AOC
• Gigondas AOC
• Vinsobres AOC
• Lirac AOC
• Beaumes de Venise AOC
• Muscat de Beaumes de Venise AOC
• Tavel AOC
• Laudun AOC

White wines from the southern Rhône sub-region, such as in Châteauneuf-du-Pape whites, are also typically blends of several wine grapes. These may includeUgni blanc,Roussanne,Bourboulenc,Picpoul, andClairette. Since about 1998Viognier is increasingly being used and is also appearing as a single varietal.

Tavel AOC, produced in the special microclimate of thesillon rhodanien (the furrow of the Rhône) by some thirty producers including Château d'Aqueria, Domaine Maby, Domaine de la Mordorée, Domaine Pelaquier, is an elite rosé only, which has been referred to as 'the wine of kings".

Fortified wines (vin doux naturel) are made in theMuscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOC andRasteau AOCs.

Côtes du Rhône AOC is an AOC that covers both the northern and southern sub-regions of Rhône. Typically it is only used if the wine does not qualify for an appellation that can command a higher price. Therefore, almost all Côtes du Rhône AOC is produced in southern Rhône, since the northern sub-region is covered by well-known appellations and also is much smaller in terms of total vineyard surface. This AOC is also used by the commercial blenders(négociants) who buy grapes in bulk from various parts of the region to bottle, distribute, and export on an industrial scale. This nevertheless makes it the most commonly known, produced, and distributed appellation of the region. Produce from vineyards surrounding certain villages includingLaudun and others may be labeledCôtes-du-Rhône Villages AOC.

Red Côtes du Rhône is usually dominated by Grenache.

Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it areClairette de Die AOC,Crémant de Die AOC,Grignan-Les Adhemar AOC,Luberon AOC,Ventoux AOC,Côtes du Vivarais AOC. These are more similar to the wines ofProvence.In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were discontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment.^[7]

In 2004,Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of easternLanguedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year,INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley.^[8] Local producers ofCôtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône wines in the marketplace. Such changes of borders between wine regions are very rare.

Many private wineries also produce wines includingsparkling wines andfortified wines, singlevarietals - particularly from the Syrah grape - and evenbrandies. These wines usually do not conform to the rules of aVDQS or AOC. They are usually only sold on the premises.

Several wineries produce wines fromorganically cultivated vines that, provided they comply with the rules for varieties, plant spacing, pruning and maximum yield, are admitted in the AOC.

The excess production of many domains and cooperatives is released asVin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality,Vin de Table, occasionally become part of thewine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol.

Rhône does not have an officialclassification using "Grand cru", or similar terms, in contrast toBordeaux orBurgundy. There are, however, differences between the Rhône AOCs regarding their geographical delineation and naming practices, which, in turn, provide a classification into four distinct categories:

• Côtes du Rhône only displays the region, and may be used in the entire wine region, in 171 communes. For some communes, this is the only allowed AOC. It is therefore the lowest classification for Rhône AOC wine.
• Côtes du Rhône-Villages is an AOC allowed for 95 communes, with a higher minimum requirement for grape maturity than basic Côtes du Rhône. It is therefore a higher classification. In general, the appellation does not allow the village name to be displayed.
• Côtes du Rhône-Villages together with village name is allowed for20 communes that have been deemed to be of a higher standard than the majority.
• Cru are the 16 named appellations which display only the name of the cru, and not Côtes du Rhône. These include the most famous Rhône wines, such asHermitage,Côte-Rôtie andChâteauneuf-du-Pape. There is no official classification differentiating between different crus, but the market prices of some AOCs are much higher than others. Sometimes, individual vineyard names (such as La Landonne within the Côte-Rôtie appellation) are displayed on the labels. Most producers will only do this for top wines, but vineyard-labelled wines enjoy no different official status from other cru wines.

Different grape varieties are allowed in the different Rhône appellations; a few appellations are single variety appellations, while the regional Côtes du Rhône appellation allow 21 different varieties. In most cases, Northern Rhône appellations allow many fewer varieties than those of Southern Rhône. In many appellation regulations, a division is made into main grape varieties (indicated by "M"), supplementary varieties (indicated by "S"), and accessory varieties (indicated by "(A)").

• List of wine-producing regions
• French Wine
• Official Rhône wine trade association website
• INAO AOC/AOP IGP Vin Specifications

• Les Vins des Côtes du Rhône - Côtes du Rhône official site (6 languages)
• [1] (Committee for the promotion of the production, economy and marketing of Rhône Wine)

• Wine regions of France

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