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Rehe 熱河 Jehol | |
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| Province of Rehe | |
_Jehol.svg) Location in the Republic of China | |
 Location in the People's Republic of China | |
| Country | |
| Jehol Special Administrative Region | 1914 |
| Established | 1923 |
| Abolished | 1955 |
| Capital | Chengde |
| Area | |
• Total | 179,982 km2 (69,491 sq mi) |
| Population (1947) | |
• Total | 6,106,974 |
| • Density | 34/km2 (88/sq mi) |
| Preceded by | Zhili |
| Succeeded by | |
| Rehe Province | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 熱河省 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 热河省 | ||||||||
| Postal | Jehol Province | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Hot River Province | ||||||||
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| Rehe Special Area | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 熱河特別區 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 热河特别区 | ||||||||
| Postal | Jehol Special Area | ||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ | ||||||||
Rehe,previously romanized asJehol, was a former Chinese special administrative region andprovince centered on the city ofRehe, now known asChengde.
Rehe was north of theGreat Wall and east ofMongolia in southwesternManchuria. Its capital and largest city wasChengde. The second largest city wasChaoyang, followed byChifeng. The province covered 114,000 square kilometers.
Rehe was once at the core of theKhitan-ledLiao Dynasty. Rehe was conquered by theManchubanners before they took possession of Beijing in 1644. Between 1703 and 1820, the Qing emperors spent almost each summer in their summerMountain Resort in Chengde. They governed the empire from Chengde, and received their foreign diplomats and representatives of vassal and tributary countries. TheKangxi emperor restricted the admission to the forests and prairies of Rehe to the court's hunting expeditions and to the maintenance of the imperial cavalry. Agricultural settlements were at first forbidden toHan Chinese. In the early 19th century, by which time Rehe had become part of the province ofZhili, migrants from Hebei and Liaoning settled in Rehe and displaced the Mongol communities.
TheRepublic of China created theJehol Special Area in 1914 andJehol Province in 1923. To form abuffer zone between China proper and Japanese-controlledManchukuo, theImperial Japanese Army invaded Jehol inOperation Nekka on 21 January 1933. It was subsequently annexed by the Empire of Manchukuo, as Jehol Province. The seizure of Jehol deteriorated relations between Japan and China, and was one of the incidents that led to theSecond Sino-Japanese War.
At the end ofWorld War II, when theRepublic of China resumed control of Manchuria, theKuomintang government continued to administer the area as a separate province, reverting its name to Jehol Province, with its capital inHailar. After theCommunist victory in theChinese Civil War, establishment of thePeople's Republic of China, and enactment ofpinyin in 1958, the area has retrospectively become known asRehe Province. However, the province had already been divided betweenHebei Province,Liaoning Province,Tianjin, andInner Mongolia in 1955.
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