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Regions of the Philippines

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(Redirected fromRegions in the Philippines)
Administrative divisions of the Philippines

Regions of the Philippines
Administrative map of the Philippines
CategoryRegion
LocationPhilippines
Number18 (as of 2024)
Possible status
PopulationsSmallest: 1,791,121 (CAR)
Largest: 16,139,770 (Calabarzon)
AreasSmallest: 636.00 km2 (245.56 sq mi) (NCR)
Largest: 29,620.90 km2 (11,436.69 sq mi) (Mimaropa)
Government
Subdivisions
flagPhilippines portal

In thePhilippines,regions (Filipino:rehiyon;ISO 3166-2:PH) areadministrative divisions that primarily serve to coordinate planning and organize national government services across multiplelocal government units (LGUs). Most national government offices provide services through their regional branches instead of having direct provincial or city offices. Regional offices are usually but not necessarily located in the city designated as the regional center.

As of 2024, the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Seventeen of these are mere administrative groupings, each provided by thepresident of the Philippines with aregional development council (RDC) – in the case of theNational Capital Region (Metro Manila), an additionalmetropolitan development authority serves as the coordinating and policy-making body. Only one, theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, has an elected government andparliament to which theCongress of the Philippines has delegated certain powers and responsibilities.

History

[edit]

Regions first came to existence on September 24, 1972, when the provinces of the Philippines were organized into eleven regions under Presidential Decree No. 1 as part of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of PresidentFerdinand Marcos.[1] Since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another.

Timeline

[edit]
  • June 22, 1973 –Pangasinan is transferred from Region III (Central Luzon) to Region I (Ilocos Region).[2]
  • July 7, 1975 – Region XII is created, and some regions ofMindanao are reorganized.[3]
  • July 25, 1975 – Regions IX and XII are declared as Autonomous Regions in Western and Central Mindanao, respectively.[4]
  • August 21, 1975 – Region IX is divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Some regions in Mindanao are reorganized.[5]
  • November 7, 1975 –Metro Manila is created.[6]
  • January 23, 1976 – Metro Manila is separated fromSouthern Tagalog to become Region IV; Southern Tagalog becomes Region IV-A.[7]
  • June 2, 1978 – Metro Manila is declared the National Capital Region.[8]
  • June 11, 1978 – The regional center of Region IX is transferred fromJolo, Sulu toZamboanga City.[9]
  • July 15, 1987 – TheCordillera Administrative Region is created.[10]
  • August 1, 1989 – TheAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is created.[11] Region XII reverted to an administrative region.
  • January 30, 1990 – Residents reject ina plebiscite the ratification to create the Cordillera Autonomous Region.[12]
  • October 12, 1990 – Reorganization and/or renaming of the Mindanao regions: Region IX (Western Mindanao), Region X (Northern Mindanao), Region XI (Southern Mindanao), Region XII (Central Mindanao), and ARMM. Regional center of Region IX is transferred toPagadian, with Zamboanga City remaining as the region's commercial and industrial center.[13]
  • February 23, 1995 – Region XIII (Caraga) is created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions;Sultan Kudarat is transferred to Region XII.[14]
  • March 7, 1998 – Residents reject ina plebiscite for the second time the ratification to create the Cordillera Autonomous Region.[15]
  • December 18, 1998 – Sultan Kudarat is reverted to Region XII.[16]
  • March 31, 2001 – The ARMM is expanded.[17]
  • September 19, 2001 – Most Mindanao regions are reorganized and some are renamed, such as Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula), Region XI (Davao Region), and Region XII (Soccsksargen).[18]
  • May 17, 2002 – Region IV-A (Calabarzon) and Region IV-B (Mimaropa) are created from the former Region IV (Southern Tagalog) region;Aurora is transferred to Region III.[19]
  • October 28, 2003 –Calamba, Laguna is designated as the regional center of Region IV-A.[20]
  • March 30, 2004 –Koronadal is designated as the regional center of Region XII.[21]
  • May 23, 2005 –Palawan is transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI (Western Visayas).[22]
  • August 19, 2005 – The transfer of Palawan to Region VI is held in abeyance.[23]
  • November 22, 2007 –Calapan is designated as the regional center of Region IV-B.[24]
  • May 29, 2015 – TheNegros Island Region (NIR) is created.Negros Occidental andBacolod are transferred from Region VI, andNegros Oriental is removed from Region VII (Central Visayas).[25]
  • July 17, 2016 – The Southwestern Tagalog Region (Mimaropa Region) is established comprising the former Region IV-B (in effect merely a renaming and discontinuation of the "Region IV-B" designation since no boundary changes were involved).[26]
  • August 7, 2017 – The NIR is abolished. Negros Occidental (including Bacolod) and Negros Oriental are reverted to Regions VI and VII, respectively.[27]
  • January 25, 2019 – TheBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) is created, replacing the ARMM after the ratification of theBangsamoro Organic Law.[28][29][30]
  • June 11, 2024 – The NIR is re-established, withSiquijor transferred from Region VII.[31][32]
  • September 9, 2024 –Sulu is declared not part of the BARMM.[33]

List of regions

[edit]

As of June 30, 2024[update], the Philippines is divided into 18 regions.[34] The traditional island groups ofLuzon, theVisayas, andMindanao are composed of eight (Regions I, II, III, IV-A, and V, and CAR, NCR, and Mimaropa), four (VI, VII, VIII, and NIR), and six (IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, and BARMM) regions, respectively. The names ofCalabarzon,Mimaropa, andSoccsksargen are acronyms signifying their component provinces and cities; and are usually capitalized in official government documents.

Types of regions

[edit]

Administrative region

[edit]

An administrative region is a grouping of geographically adjacent LGUs that may be established, disestablished, and modified by thepresident of the Philippines based on the need to formulate coherent economic development policies, more efficiently provide national government services, and coordinate activities beneficial to the development of larger area beyond the province level. No plebiscites have been conducted so far to democratically confirm the creation, abolition or alteration of the boundaries of regular administrative regions, as the Constitution does not mandate it.[35]

An administrative region is not a local government unit (LGU), but rather a group of LGUs to which the president[36] has provided an unelected policy-making and coordinating structure, called the Regional Development Council (RDC).[37]Metro Manila is recognized in law as a "special development and administrative region", and was thus given theMetropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA);[38] the Metro Manila Council within the MMDA serves as the National Capital Region's RDC.[37]

Autonomous region

[edit]
Main article:Autonomous regions of the Philippines

The 1987 Constitution allows for the creation ofautonomous regions in theCordillera Central ofLuzon and theMuslim-majority areas ofMindanao.[35] However, only theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and its predecessor, theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, have been approved by voters in plebiscites held in 1989,2001, and2019. Voters in the Cordilleras rejected autonomy in 1990 and1998; hence theCordillera Administrative Region remains as a regular administrative region with no delegated powers or responsibilities.

TheSupreme Court has ruled that an autonomous region established by statute must be composed of more than one province, thereby invalidating the proposed establishment of theAutonomous Region ofIfugao following the results of the original 1990 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite, which saw only Ifugao's voters casting a majority 'yes' vote towards autonomy.[39]

Table of regions

[edit]
  • Component local government units: the data column is limited toprimary LGUs, which pertains to componentprovinces,highly urbanizedcities, andindependent component cities, as well as the independent municipality ofPateros. All city names, except those under theNational Capital Region, areitalicized.
  • Location: the location map column can be sorted from north-to-south, west-to-east.
LocationRegion
(regional designation)
PSGC[40]Island
group
Regional
center
Component local
government units
Area[a]Population
(2020)
[44]
Density
Map of the Philippines highlighting the National Capital RegionNational Capital Region
(NCR)
13LuzonManila636.00 km2
(245.56 sq mi)
13,484,462
(12.41%)
20,247/km2 (52,440/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting the Cordillera RegionCordillera Administrative Region
(CAR)
14LuzonBaguio19,422.03 km2
(7,498.89 sq mi)
1,791,121
(1.65%)
89/km2 (230/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos RegionIlocos Region
(Region I)
01LuzonSan Fernando13,012.60 km2
(5,024.19 sq mi)
5,292,297
(4.87%)
386/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Cagayan ValleyCagayan Valley
(Region II)
02LuzonTuguegarao28,228.83 km2
(10,899.21 sq mi)
3,679,748
(3.39%)
122/km2 (317/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Central LuzonCentral Luzon
(Region III)
03LuzonSan Fernando22,014.63 km2
(8,499.90 sq mi)
12,387,811
(11.40%)
510/km2 (1,320/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting CalabarzonCalabarzon
(Region IV-A)
04LuzonCalamba16,873.31 km2
(6,514.82 sq mi)
16,139,770
(14.85%)
854/km2 (2,213/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting MimaropaSouthwestern Tagalog Region
(Mimaropa)[d]
17LuzonCalapan29,620.90 km2
(11,436.69 sq mi)
3,212,287
(2.96%)
100/km2 (259/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bicol RegionBicol Region
(Region V)
05LuzonLegazpi18,155.82 km2
(7,010.00 sq mi)
6,067,290
(5.58%)
319/km2 (827/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Western VisayasWestern Visayas
(Region VI)
06VisayasIloilo City12,750.63 km2
(4,923.05 sq mi)
4,730,771
(4.35%)
371/km2 (961/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting the Negros Island RegionNegros Island Region
(NIR)
18VisayasBacolod andDumaguete
(interim/de facto)
13,525.56 km2
(5,222.25 sq mi)
4,760,340
(4.38%)
352/km2 (912/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Central VisayasCentral Visayas
(Region VII)
07VisayasCebu City10,114.52 km2
(3,905.24 sq mi)
6,545,603
(6.02%)
647/km2 (1,676/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Eastern VisayasEastern Visayas
(Region VIII)
08VisayasTacloban23,251.10 km2
(8,977.30 sq mi)
4,531,512
(4.17%)
191/km2 (495/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Zamboanga PeninsulaZamboanga Peninsula
(Region IX)
09MindanaoPagadian17,056.73 km2
(6,585.64 sq mi)
3,862,588
(3.55%)
213/km2 (551/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting Northern MindanaoNorthern Mindanao
(Region X)
10MindanaoCagayan de Oro20,496.02 km2
(7,913.56 sq mi)
5,007,798
(4.61%)
229/km2 (593/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting the Davao RegionDavao Region
(Region XI)
11MindanaoDavao City20,357.42 km2
(7,860.04 sq mi)
5,223,802
(4.81%)
245/km2 (634/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting SoccsksargenSoccsksargen
(Region XII)
12MindanaoKoronadal22,513.30 km2
(8,692.43 sq mi)
4,351,773
(4.0%)
202/km2 (523/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting CaragaCaraga
(Region XIII)
16MindanaoButuan21,478.35 km2
(8,292.84 sq mi)
2,795,340
(2.57%)
121/km2 (313/sq mi)
Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim MindanaoBangsamoro
(BARMM)[g]
19MindanaoCotabato City11,935.7 km2
(4,608.4 sq mi)
3,944,692
(3.63%)
330/km2 (856/sq mi)
Notes
  1. ^Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces and independent cities, derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board (Philippine Statistics Authority) official website. For the BARMM, land area is derived from the Bangsamoro Development Plan Integrative Report.[41][42][43]
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopqAhighly urbanized city, independent from any province.
  3. ^abcdeAnindependent component city, not under the jurisdiction of any provincial government.
  4. ^Formerly designated asRegion IV-B until 2016.
  5. ^A component city, part of the province of Basilan, but whose regional services are provided by the offices of Region IX.
  6. ^abThe province of Cotabato, which is part of the Soccsksargen region, has 63 of its barangays included in the BARMM.
  7. ^Following theBangsamoro autonomy plebiscite and the ratification of theBangsamoro Organic Law, theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was superseded by the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in February 2019, which transferred the provinces and cities already in the ARMM, as well as surrounding communities that voted for inclusion.

Judicial regions

[edit]
For a list of these judicial regions, seeRegional Trial Court § List.

As far as thejudiciary is concerned, specifically the first and second level courts, the country is divided intojudicial regions as provided byBatas Pambansa Bilang 129. The coverage of these judicial regions generally coincides with that of the administrative regions in 1980, with some exceptions.

Legislative districts

[edit]

Representation for theInterim Batasang Pambansa was mostly through parliamentary districts based on how regions were organized in 1978. Metro Manila was "Region IV", while Southern Tagalog was "Region IV-A". This was the only time the national legislature was represented via regions;in a 1984 plebiscite, voters approved a constitutional amendment that reverted to representation per province and city.

Proposed regions

[edit]

Defunct regions

[edit]

The following are regions that no longer exist, listed along with their current status:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Integrated Reorganization Plan: Reorganization of the Executive Branch of the National Government. Presidential Commission on Reorganization. 1972. pp. 12–13.
  2. ^"Presidential Decree No. 224". RetrievedNovember 5, 2016.
  3. ^"Presidential Decree No. 742; Restructuring the Regional Organization of Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi". The Lawphil Project. July 7, 1975. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  4. ^"Presidential Decree No. 1618; Implementing the Organization of the Sangguniang Pampook and the Lupong Tagapagpaganap ng Pook in Region IX and Region XII and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. July 25, 1975. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  5. ^"Presidential Decree No. 773; Amending Presidential Decree No. 742 Restructuring the Regional Organization of Mindanao and Dividing Region IX into Two Sub-regions". The Lawphil Project. August 21, 1975. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  6. ^"Presidential Decree No. 824; Creating the Metropolitan Manila and the Metropolitan Manila Commission and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. November 7, 1975. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  7. ^"Presidential Decree No. 879 – Dividing Region No. 4 of the Administrative Field Organization of the Various Departments and Agencies of the Government Into Region No. 4 and 4-A".Supreme Court E-Library.President of the Philippines. January 23, 1976. RetrievedMay 16, 2023.
  8. ^"Presidential Decree No. 1396, s. 1978; Creating the Department of Human Settlements and the Human Settlement Development Corporation, Appropriation Funds Therefor, and Accordingly Amending Certain Presidential Decrees". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. June 2, 1978. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2015.
  9. ^"Presidential Decree No. 1555: Further Amending Presidential Decree No. 742 as amended by Presidential Decree No. 773 transferring the regional center of Region IX from Jolo to Zamboanga City".The LawPhil Project. June 11, 1978. RetrievedJune 12, 2020.
  10. ^"Executive Order No. 220; Creating a Cordillera Administrative Region, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. July 15, 1987. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  11. ^"Republic Act No. 6734; An Act Providing for an Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". The Lawphil Project. August 1, 1989. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  12. ^"Republic Act No. 6766; An Act Providing for an Organic Act for the Cordillera Autonomous Region". The Lawphil Project. October 23, 1989. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  13. ^"Executive Order No. 429 s. 1990; Providing for the Reorganization of the Administrative Regions in Mindanao, and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. October 12, 1990. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  14. ^"Republic Act No. 7901; An Act Creating Region XIII to be Known as the Caraga Administrative Region, and for Other Purposes". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. February 23, 1995. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  15. ^"Republic Act No. 8438; An Act to Establish the Cordillera Autonomous Region". The Lawphil Project. December 22, 1997. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  16. ^"Republic Act No. 8744; An Act Repealing Section 3 of Republic Act No 7901 and to Return the Province of Sultan Kudarat to Region XII and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. December 18, 1998. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  17. ^"Republic Act No. 9054; An Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6734, Entitled "An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao," as Amended". The Lawphil Project. March 31, 2001. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  18. ^"Executive Order No. 36; Providing for the Reorganization of the Administrative Regions in Mindanao and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. September 19, 2001. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  19. ^"Executive Order No. 103; Dividing Region IV into Region IV-A and Region IV-B, Transferring the Province of Aurora to Region III and for Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. May 17, 2002. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  20. ^"Executive Order No. 246, October 28, 2003; Designating Calamba City as Regional Center of Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". The Lawphil Project. October 28, 2003. RetrievedJune 18, 2024.
  21. ^Executive Order No. 304 (March 30, 2004),Designating Koronadal City as the Regional Center and Seat of Soccsksargen, The Lawphil Project, retrievedJune 23, 2024.
  22. ^"Executive Order No. 429; Providing for the Reorganization of Administrative Region VI to Include the Province of Palawan and Puerto Princesa City". The Lawphil Project. May 23, 2005. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  23. ^Administrative Order No. 129 (August 19, 2005),Directing the Department of the Interior and Local Government to Hold in Abeyance the Implementation of Executive Order No. 429 (s. 2005) Pending Its Submission of an Implementation Plan and Its Subsequent Approval By the Office of the President, The Lawphil Project, retrievedJune 23, 2024
  24. ^Executive Order No. 682 (November 22, 2007),Designating Calapan City as the Regional Center of Region IV-B Otherwise Referred to as the MIMAROPA Region(PDF),The Official Gazette, retrievedJune 18, 2024
  25. ^"Executive Order No. 183, s. 2015; Creating a Negros Island Region and for Other Purposes".Official Gazette (Philippines). May 29, 2015. RetrievedJune 6, 2015.
  26. ^"An Act establishing the Southwestern Tagalog Region, to be known as the MIMAROPA Region". July 17, 2016. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2017.
  27. ^"Executive Order No. 38, August 07, 2017 – Revoking Executive Order No. 183 (s. 2015) Which Created A Negros Island Region And For Other Purposes". The Lawphil Project. August 7, 2017. RetrievedJune 18, 2024.
  28. ^"Comelec ratifies Bangsamoro Organic Law".BusinessMirror. January 26, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 6, 2019.
  29. ^Depasupil, William; Reyes, Dempsey (January 23, 2019)."'Yes' vote prevails in 4 of 5 provinces".The Manila Times. RetrievedJanuary 26, 2019.
  30. ^Galvez, Daphne (January 22, 2019)."Zubiri: Overwhelming 'yes' vote for BOL shows Mindanao shedding its history of conflict".Philippine Daily Inquirer. RetrievedJanuary 26, 2019.
  31. ^Republic Act No. 12000 (June 11, 2024),An Act Establishing the Negros Island Region(PDF),Official Gazette (Philippines), retrievedJune 19, 2024
  32. ^de Leon, Dwight (June 13, 2024)."Marcos signs law creating new Negros Island Region".Rappler. RetrievedJune 13, 2024.
  33. ^"SC Upholds Validity of Bangsamoro Organic Law; Declares Sulu not Part of Bangsamoro Region".Supreme Court of the Philippines. September 9, 2024. RetrievedSeptember 9, 2024.
  34. ^"Number of provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays, by region, as of 30 June 2024"(XLSX).PSGC.Philippine Statistics Authority. RetrievedJuly 13, 2024.
  35. ^abRepublic of the Philippines (1987)."The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines – Article X, Local Government".The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. RetrievedAugust 9, 2019.
  36. ^Fidel V. Ramos (April 12, 1996)."Executive Order No. 325, Series of 1996".The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. RetrievedAugust 9, 2019.
  37. ^ab"FAQs – The Regional Development Council"(PDF).National Economic and Development Authority. November 2018. RetrievedAugust 11, 2019.
  38. ^Congress of the Philippines (March 1, 1995)."Republic Act No. 7924 – An Act Creating Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, Defining Its Powers And Function, Providing Funds Therefor And Other Purposes"(PDF). RetrievedAugust 9, 2019.
  39. ^"G.R. No. 93054. December 4, 1990. Cordillera Regional Assembly Member Alexander P. Ordillo, (Banaue), Ifugao Provincial Board Member Corazon Montinig, (Mayoyao), Former Vice Mayor Martin Udan (Banaue), Municipal Councilors Martin Gano, (Lagawe), and Teodoro Hewe, (Hingyon), Barangay Councilman Pedro W. Dulag (Lamut); Aguinaldo Residents Sandy B. Changiwan, and Donato Timago; Lamut Resident Rey Antonio; Kiangan Residents Orlando Puguon, and Reynand Duldulao; Lagawe Residents Tomas Kimayong, Gregorio Dango, George B. Baywong, and Vicente Lunag; Hingyon Residents Pablo M. Dulnuan and Constancio Gano; Mayoyao Residents Pedro M. Baoang, Leonardo Igadna, and Maximo Igadna; and Banaue Residents Puma-a Culhi, Latayon Buttig, Miguel Pumelban, Andres Ordillo, Federico Mariano, Sandy Binomnga, Gabriel Limmang, Romeo Tongali, Ruben Bahatan, Mhomdy Gabriel, and Nadres Ghamang, Petitioners, V. The Commission on Elections; the Franklin M. Drilon, Secretary of Justice; Catalino Macaraig, Executive Secretary; the Cabinet Officer for Regional Development; Guillermo Carague, Secretary of Budget and Management; and Rosalina S. Cajucom, OIC, National Treasurer, Respondents".ChanRobles Law Library. December 4, 1990. RetrievedAugust 9, 2019.
  40. ^"Provincial Summary Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region".Philippine Statistics Authority. June 30, 2024. RetrievedJuly 13, 2024.
  41. ^"PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces".Philippine Statistics Authority. RetrievedApril 3, 2016.
  42. ^"PSGC Interactive; List of Cities".Philippine Statistics Authority. RetrievedApril 7, 2016.
  43. ^For provinces in the ARMM:"Bangsamoro Development Plan Integrative Report, Chapter 10"(PDF). Bangsamoro Development Agency. 2015. RetrievedMay 31, 2016.[dead link]
  44. ^"Household Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)".Philippine Statistics Authority. May 24, 2022. RetrievedMay 24, 2022.
  45. ^"Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy".National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region. August 12, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2015.
  46. ^"Bishops call for separate Samar administrative region".GMA News. June 15, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2017.
  47. ^"Sulu Sultanate, Bangsa Sug push revision of BBL". Sun-Star. May 10, 2018. RetrievedAugust 31, 2018.
  48. ^"Why is autonomy tied to peace talks?". Inquirer.net. August 18, 2015. RetrievedAugust 31, 2018.
  49. ^"10,000 people to benefit from Bangsa Sug Iftar Caravan in Zamboanga City". Mindanao Examiner. May 23, 2018. RetrievedAugust 31, 2018.
  50. ^Zurbano, Joel (November 19, 2024)."Padilla seeks new autonomous region for Sulu".Manila Standard. RetrievedNovember 21, 2024.

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