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Reference ranges for blood tests

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Common human medical data ranges for blood test results
Reference
ranges

In:

Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by ahealth professional to interpret a set ofmedical test results from blood samples.Reference ranges forblood tests are studied within the field ofclinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area ofpathology that is generally concerned with analysis ofbodily fluids.[1][2][3]

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[4]

Interpretation

[edit]

Areference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95%prediction interval).[5] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.[6][7]

Plasma or whole blood

[edit]

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denoteblood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount insidered blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends onhematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:[8]

  • All values inHematology – red blood cells (excepthemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values inHematology – white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

[edit]

Arterial or venous

[edit]

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally thevenous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is byvenipuncture. An exception is for acid–base andblood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.[12]

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used intherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[13] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[13]

Usual or optimal

[edit]

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (ornormal) values found in the population, more specifically theprediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be calledstandard range. In contrast,optimal (health) range ortherapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to acentral tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, includingtroponin I andbrain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriatecutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here aremyocardial infarction andcongestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.[14][15][16]

Variability

[edit]
Further information:Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,[17] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such asinaccuracy, lack ofstandardisation, lack ofcertified reference material and differingantibody reactivity.[18] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.[19]

Sorted by concentration

[edit]

By mass and molarity

[edit]

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured asstandard "usual" reference range.

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).[citation needed]

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

  • Numerically:
molar concentration×molar mass=mass concentration{\displaystyle {\text{molar concentration}}\times {\text{molar mass}}={\text{mass concentration}}}
  • Measured directly in distance on the scales:
log10⁡molar mass1000=distance to right (decades){\displaystyle \log _{10}{\frac {\text{molar mass}}{1000}}={\text{distance to right (decades)}}},

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number ofdecades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in thedivision change places, or, alternatively,distance to right is changed todistance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,[20] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

[edit]

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g.thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured inmU/L, or above, likerheumatoid factor andCA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

[edit]

White blood cells

[edit]

Sorted by category

[edit]

Ions and trace metals

[edit]
Further information:Trace metal andMetals in medicine

Included here are also related binding proteins, likeferritin andtransferrin for iron, andceruloplasmin for copper.

TestLower limitUpper limitUnit*Comments
Sodium (Na)135,[21] 137[10][22]145,[10][22] 147[21]mmol/L or mEq/L[21]Seehyponatremia orhypernatremia
310,[23] 320[23]330,[23] 340[23]mg/dL
Potassium (K)3.5,[10][21] 3.6[22]5.0,[10][21][22] 5.1mmol/L or mEq/L[21]Seehypokalemia orhyperkalemia
14[24]20[24]mg/dL
Chloride (Cl)95,[21] 98,[25] 100[10]105,[21] 106,[25] 110[10]mmol/L or mEq/L[21]Seehypochloremia orhyperchloremia
340[26]370[26]mg/dL
Ionizedcalcium (Ca)1.03,[27] 1.10[10]1.23,[27] 1.30[10]mmol/LSeehypocalcaemia orhypercalcaemia
4.1,[28] 4.4[28]4.9,[28] 5.2[28]mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)2.1,[21][29] 2.2[10]2.5,[10][29] 2.6,[29] 2.8[21]mmol/L
8.4,[21] 8.5[30]10.2,[21] 10.5[30]mg/dL
Totalserum iron (TSI) – male65,[31] 76[22]176,[31] 198[22]μg/dLSeehypoferremia or the following:iron overload (hemochromatosis),iron poisoning,siderosis,hemosiderosis,hyperferremia
11.6,[32][33] 13.6[33]30,[32] 32,[33] 35[33]μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female26,[22] 50[31]170[22][31]μg/dL
4.6,[33] 8.9[32]30.4[32]μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) –newborns100[31]250[31]μg/dL
18[33]45[33]μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) –children50[31]120[31]μg/dL
9[33]21[33]μmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)240,[31] 262[22]450,[31] 474[22]μg/dL
43,[33] 47[33]81,[33] 85[33]μmol/L
Transferrin190,[34] 194,[10] 204[22]326,[10] 330,[34] 360[22]mg/dL
25[35]45[35]μmol/L
Transferrin saturation20[31]50[31]%
Ferritin – Males andpostmenopausal females12[36]300[36][37]ng/mL or μg/L
27[38]670[38]pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females12[36]150[36] – 200[37]ng/mL or μg/L
27[38]330[38] – 440[38]pmol/L
Ammonia10,[39] 20[40]35,[39] 65[40]μmol/LSeehypoammonemia andhyperammonemia
17,[41] 34[41]60,[41] 110[41]μg/dL
Copper (Cu)70[30]150[30]μg/dLSeehypocupremia orhypercupremia
11[42][43]24[42]μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin15[30]60[30]mg/dL
1[44]4[44]μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO42−)0.81.5[45]mmol/LSeehypophosphatemia orhyperphosphatemia
Inorganicphosphorus (serum)1.0[21]1.5[21]mmol/L
3.0[21]4.5[21]mg/dL
Zinc (Zn)60,[46] 72[47]110,[47] 130[46]μg/dLSeezinc deficiency orzinc poisoning
9.2,[48] 11[10]17,[10] 20[48]μmol/L
Magnesium1.5,[30] 1.7[49]2.0,[30] 2.3[49]mEq/L or mg/dLSeehypomagnesemia orhypermagnesemia
0.6,[50] 0.7[10]0.82,[50] 0.95[10]mmol/L
  • Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part ofSI and are now considered redundant.

Acid–base and blood gases

[edit]
Further information:Acid–base homeostasis
Further information:Arterial blood gas test andArterial blood gas test § Parameters and reference ranges

Ifarterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.[citation needed]

Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[13] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level ofinter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[51]

TestArterial/VenousLower limitUpper limitUnit
pHArterial7.34,[22] 7.35[21]7.44,[22] 7.45[21]
Venous7.31[52]7.41[52]
[H+]Arterial36[21]44[21]nmol/L
3.6[53]4.4[53]ng/dL
Base excessArterial & venous[52]−3[52]+3[52]mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2)Arterial pO210,[21] 11[54]13,[54] 14[21]kPa
75,[21][22] 83[30]100,[22] 105[21]mmHg ortorr
Venous4.0[54]5.3[54]kPa
30[52]40[52]mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturationArterial94,[52] 95,[25] 96[30]100[25][30]%
VenousApproximately 75[25]
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)Arterial PaCO24.4,[21] 4.7[54]5.9,[21] 6.0[54]kPa
33,[21] 35[22]44,[21] 45[22]mmHg or torr
Venous5.5,[54]6.8[54]kPa
41[52]51[52]mmHg or torr
Absolute content ofcarbon dioxide (CO2)Arterial23[52]30[52]mmol/L
100[55]132[55]mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3−)Arterial & venous18[30]23[30]mmol/L
110[56]140[56]mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)Arterial & venous21, 22[21]27, 28[21]mmol/L or mEq/L[21]
134[56]170[56]mg/dL

Liver function

[edit]
Further information:Liver function tests
TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Total protein (TotPro)60,[21] 63[22]78,[21] 82,[22] 84[30]g/LSeeserum total protein Interpretation
Albumin35[21][57]48,[22] 55[21]g/LSeehypoalbuminemia
3.5[22]4.8,[22] 5.5[21]U/L
540[58]740[58]μmol/L
Globulins23[21]35[21]g/L
Totalbilirubin1.7,[59] 2,[21] 3.4,[59] 5[10]17,[21][59] 22,[59] 25[10]μmol/L
0.1,[21] 0.2,[22] 0.29[60]1.0,[21][30] 1.3,[22] 1.4[60]mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin0.0[21] or N/A[10]5,[21] 7[10][59]μmol/L
0[21][22]0.3,[21][22] 0.4[30]mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[10])5,[61] 7,[22] 8[21]20,[21] 21,[25] 56[22]U/LAlso calledserum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Female0.15[10]0.75[10]μkat/L
Male0.15[10]1.1[10]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[10])Female6[62]34[62]IU/LAlso called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
0.25[10]0.60[10]μkat/L
Male8[62]40[62]IU/L
0.25[10]0.75[10]μkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)0.6[10]1.8[10]μkat/L
Female42[61]98[61]U/L
Male53[61]128[61]
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)5,[61] 8[22]40,[61] 78[22]U/L
Female0.63[63]μkat/L
Male0.92[63]μkat/L

Cardiac tests

[edit]
TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Creatine kinase (CK)Male24,[64] 38,[22] 60[61]174,[30] 320[61]U/L or ng/mL
0.42[65]1.5[65]μkat/L
Female24,[64] 38,[22] 96[30]140,[30] 200[61]U/L or ng/mL
0.17[65]1.17[65]μkat/L
CK-MB03,[22] 3.8,[10] 5[61]ng/mL or μg/L[10]
MyoglobinFemale1[66]66[66]ng/mL or μg/L
Male17[66]106[66]
Cardiactroponin T (low sensitive)0.1[14]ng/mL99th percentilecutoff
Cardiactroponin I

(high sensitive)

0.03[14]ng/mL99th percentilecutoff
Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive)Male0.022[14]ng/mL99th percentilecutoff
Female0.014[14]ng/mL99th percentilecutoff
newborn/infantsnot establishedmore than adults[67][68]
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
-more detailed ranges inBNP article
InterpretationRange /Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely< 100 pg/mL[15][16]
"Gray zone"100–500 pg/mL[15][16]
Congestive heart failure likely> 500 pg/mL[15][16]
NT-proBNP
-more detailed ranges inNT-proBNP article
InterpretationAgeCutoff
Congestive heart failure likely< 75 years> 125 pg/mL[69]
> 75 years> 450pg/mL[69]

Lipids

[edit]
Further information:Blood lipids
TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnitTherapeutic target
Triglycerides10–39 years54[30]110[30]mg/dL< 100 mg/dL[70]
or 1.1 mmol/L[70]
0.61[71]1.2[71]mmol/L
40–59 years70[30]150[30]mg/dL
0.77[71]1.7[71]mmol/L
> 60 years80[30]150[30]mg/dL
0.9[71]1.7[71]mmol/L
Totalcholesterol3.0,[72] 3.6[21][72]5.0,[10][73] 6.5[21]mmol/L< 3.9 mmol/L[70]
120,[22] 140[21]200,[22] 250[21]mg/dL< 150 mg/dL[70]
HDL cholesterolFemale1.0,[74] 1.2,[10] 1.3[72]2.2[74]mmol/L> 1.0[74] or 1.6[72] mmol/L
40[75] or 60[76] mg/dL
40,[75] 50[77]86[75]mg/dL
HDL cholesterolMale0.9[10][74]2.0[74]mmol/L
35[75]80[75]mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		2.0,[74] 2.4[73]3.0,[10][73] 3.4[74]mmol/L< 2.5 mmol/L[74]
80,[75] 94[75]120,[75] 130[75]mg/dL< 100 mg/dL[75]
LDL/HDL quotientn/a5[10](unitless)

Tumour markers

[edit]
Further information:Tumour markers
TestPatient typeCutoffUnitComments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)44[22]ng/mL or μg/LHepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Betahuman chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG)In males and non-pregnant females5[22]IU/L or mU/mLchoriocarcinoma
CA19-940[22]U/mLPancreatic cancer
CA-12530,[78] 35[79]kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)Non-smokers, 50 years3.4,[10] 3.6[80]μg/L
Non-smokers, 70 years4.1[80]
Smokers5[81]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)40–49 years1.2–2.9[82]μg/L[10][22] or ng/mL[30]More detailed cutoffs inPSA – Serum levels
70–79 years, non-African-American4.0–9.0[82]
70–79 years, African-American7.7–13[82]
PAP3[30]units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin5,[83] 15[83]ng/L or pg/mLCutoff againstmedullary thyroid cancer[83]
More detailedcutoffs inCalcitonin article

Endocrinology

[edit]

Thyroid hormones

[edit]
Further information:Thyroid function tests
TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnit
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)		Adults –
standard range		0.3,[10] 0.4,[22] 0.5,[30] 0.6[84]4.0,[10] 4.5,[22] 6.0[30]mIU/L or μIU/mL
Adults –
optimal range		0.3,[85] 0.5[86]2.0,[86] 3.0[85]
Infants1.3[87]19[87]
Freethyroxine (FT4)
-more detailed ranges in
Thyroid function tests article
Normal adult0.7,[88] 0.8[22]1.4,[88] 1.5,[22] 1.8[89]ng/dL
9,[10][90] 10,[91] 12[92]18,[10][90] 23[92]pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d – 18 y		0.8[88]2.0[88]ng/dL
10[90]26[90]pmol/L
Pregnant0.5[88]1.0[88]ng/dL
6.5[90]13[90]pmol/L
Total thyroxine4,[91] 5.5[22]11,[91] 12.3[22]μg/dL
60[91][92]140,[91] 160[92]nmol/L
Freetriiodothyronine (FT3)Normal adult0.2[91]0.5[91]ng/dL
3.1[93]7.7[93]pmol/L
Children 2-16 y0.1[94]0.6[94]ng/dL
1.5[93]9.2[93]pmol/L
Totaltriiodothyronine60,[22] 75[91]175,[91] 181[22]ng/dL
0.9,[10] 1.1[91]2.5,[10] 2.7[91]nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)12[22]30[22]mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)1.5[91]30[91]pmol/L
1[91]20[91]μg/L

Sex hormones

[edit]
Further information:Sex steroid

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges forestradiol,progesterone,FSH andLH.

Levels ofestradiol (the main estrogen),progesterone,luteinizing hormone andfollicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.[95]
TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnit
Dihydrotestosteroneadult male3085ng/dL
TestosteroneMale, overall8,[96] 10[97]27,[96] 35[97]nmol/L
230,[98] 300[99]780–1000[98][99]ng/dL
Male < 50 years10[10]45[10]nmol/L
290[98]1300[98]ng/dL
Male > 50 years6.2[10]26[10]nmol/L
180[98]740[98]ng/dL
Female0.7[97]2.8–3.0[97][10]nmol/L
20[99]80–85[99][98]ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesteronemale0.06[30]3.0[30]mg/L
0.18[100]9.1[100]μmol/L
Female (Follicular phase)0.2[30]1.0[30]mg/L
0.6[100]3.0[100]μmol/L
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges inseparate diagram
Prepubertal<1[101]3[101]IU/L
Adult male1[101]8[101]
Adult female (follicular
andluteal phase)		1[101]11[101]
Adult female (Ovulation)6[101]
95%PI (standard)		26[101]
95% PI)
5[102]
90%PI (used in diagram)		15[102]
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female30[101]118[101]
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges inseparate diagram
Female, peak20[102]
90%PI (used in diagram)		75[102]
(90% PI)		IU/L
Female, post-menopausal15[103]60[103]
Male aged 18+2[104]9[104]
Estradiol
(anestrogen)
-more detailed ranges in
estradiol article
Adult male50[105]200[105]pmol/L
14[106]55[106]pg/mL
Adult female (day 5 offollicular phase,
andluteal phase)		70[105]500,[105] 600[105]pmol/L
19[106]140,[106] 160[106]pg/mL
Adult female – free (not protein bound)0.5[107]9[107]pg/mL
1.7[107]33[107]pmol/L
Post-menopausal femaleN/A[105]< 130[105]pmol/L
N/A[106]< 35[106]pg/mL
Progesterone
-more detailed ranges
inProgesterone article
Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23)17,[102] 35[108]92[108]nmol/L
6,[102] 11[109]29[109]ng/mL
AndrostenedioneAdult male and female60[103]270[103]ng/dL
Post-menopausal female< 180[103]
Prepubertal< 60[103]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
-more detailed ranges
inDHEA-S article
Adult male and female30[110]400[110]μg/dL
SHBG
-more detailed ranges
inSHBG article
Adult female40[111]120[111]nmol/L
Adult male20[111]60[111]
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
-more detailed ranges in
AMH article
13–45 years0.7[112]20[112]ng/mL
5[113]140[113]pmol/L

Other hormones

[edit]
Further information:Hormones
TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)2.2[114]13.3[114]pmol/L
20[22]100[22]pg/mL
Cortisol09:00am140[115]700[115]nmol/L
5[116]25[116]μg/dL
Midnight80[115]350[115]nmol/L
2.9[116]13[116]μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)05[21]ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)7[21]n/ang/mL
IGF-1
-more detailed ranges in
IGF-1 article
Female, 20 yrs110[117]420[117]ng/mL
Female, 75 yrs55[117]220[117]
Male, 20 yrs160[117]390[117]
Male, 75 yrs48[117]200[117]
Prolactin
-more detailed ranges in
Prolactin article
Female71,[118] 105[118]348,[118] 548[118]mIU/L
3.4,[118] 3.9[118]16.4,[118] 20.3[118]μg/L
Male58,[118] 89[118]277,[118] 365[118]mIU/L
2.7,[118] 3.3[118]13.0,[118] 13.5[118]μg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)10,[119] 17[120]65,[119] 70[120]pg/mL
1.1,[10] 1.8[121]6.9,[10] 7.5[121]pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (avitamin D)
–Standard reference range		8,[30][122] 9[122]40,[122] 80[30]ng/mL
20,[123] 23[124]95,[124] 150[123]nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
–Therapeutic target range		30,[125] 40[126]65,[126] 100[125]ng/mL
85,[70] 100[126]120,[70] 160[126]nmol/L
Plasma renin activity0.29,[127] 1.9[128]3.7[127][128]ng/(mL·h)
3.3,[129] 21[130]41[129][130]mcU/mL
Aldosterone
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone article
Adult19,[129] 34.0[129]ng/dL
530,[131] 940[131]pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone/renin ratio article
Adult13.1,[132] 35.0[132]ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
360,[132] 970[132]pmol/liter per μg/(L·h)

Vitamins

[edit]

Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acidhomocysteine.

TestPatient typeStandard rangeOptimal rangeUnit
Lower limitUpper limitLower limitUpper limit
Vitamin A30[30]65[30]μg/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) –Serum		Age > 1 year3.0[133]16[133]5[134]ng/mL or μg/L
6.8[135]36[135]11[135]nmol/L
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) –Red blood cells		200[133]600[133]ng/mL or μg/L
450[135]1400[135]nmol/L
Pregnant400[133]ng/mL or μg/L
900[133]nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)130,[136] 160[137]700,[136] 950[137]ng/L
100,[138] 120[10]520,[138] 700[10]pmol/L
Homocysteine
-more detailed ranges in
Homocysteine article
3.3,[139] 5.9[139]7.2,[139] 15.3[139]6.3[70]μmol/L
45,[140] 80[140]100,[140] 210[140]85[70]μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)0.4[30]1.5[30]0.9[70]mg/dL
23[141]85[141]50[70]μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (avitamin D)8,[30][122] 9[122]40,[122] 80[30]30,[125] 40[126]65,[126] 100[125]ng/mL
20,[123] 23[124]95,[124] 150[123]85,[70] 100[126]120,[70] 160[126]nmol/L
Vitamin E28[70]μmol/L
1.2[70]mg/dL

Toxic Substances

[edit]
TestLimit typeLimitUnit
LeadOptimal health range< 20[25] or 40[30]μg/dL
Blood ethanol contentLimit fordrunk driving0,[142] 0.2,[142] 0.8[142]‰ or g/L
17.4[143]mmol/L

Hematology

[edit]

Red blood cells

[edit]

These values (exceptHemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

TestPatientLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Hemoglobin (Hb)Male2.0,[144] 2.1[21][145]2.5,[144] 2.7[21][145]mmol/LHigher inneonates, lower in children.
130,[10] 132,[22] 135[21]162,[22] 170,[10] 175[21]g/L
Female1.8,[144] 1.9[21][145]2.3,[144] 2.5[21][144][145]mmol/LSex difference negligible until adulthood.
120[10][21][22]150,[10] 152,[22] 160[21][30]g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin")Male8.0,[146] 8.4[146]10.0,[146] 10.8[146]mmol/L4 per hemoglobin molecule
Female7.2,[146] 7.6[146]9.2,[146] 10.0[146]
Hemoglobin in plasma0.16[21]0.62[21]μmol/LNormally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
14mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)< 50 years3.6[10]5.0[10]% of Hb
> 50 years3.9[10]5.3[10]
Haptoglobin< 50 years0.35[10]1.9[10]g/L
> 50 years0.47[10]2.1[10]
Hematocrit (Hct)Male0.39,[10] 0.4,[22] 0.41,[21] 0.45[30]0.50,[10] 0.52,[22] 0.53,[21] 0.62[30]L/L
Female0.35,[10] 0.36,[21] 0.37[22][30]0.46,[10][21][22] 0.48[30]L/L
Child0.31[22]0.43[22]L/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)Male76,[30] 82[22]100,[30] 102[22]fLCells are larger inneonates, though smaller in other children.
Female78[22]101[22]fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)11.5[22]14.5[22]%
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)0.39[21]0.54[21]fmol/cell
25,[21] 27[10][30]32,[30] 33,[10] 35[21]pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)4.8,[147] 5.0[147]5.4,[147] 5.6[147]mmol/L
31,[22] 32[10][30]35,[22] 36[10][30]g/dL or %[note 1]
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)Male4.2,[30] 4.3[10][21][22]5.7,[10] 5.9,[21] 6.2,[22] 6.9[30]x1012/L
or
million/mm3
Female3.5,[21] 3.8,[22] 3.9[10]5.1,[10] 5.5[21][22]
Infant/Child3.8[22]5.5[22]
ReticulocytesAdult26[10]130[10]x109/L
0.5[21][22]1.5[21][22]% of RBC
Newborn1.1[22]4.5[22]% of RBC
Infant0.5[22]3.1[22]% of RBC
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF)Adult1.6[148]12.1[148]% of reticulocytes
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalentAdult30.0[148]37.6[148]%
24.1[149]35.8[149]pg
Immature platelet fraction (IPF)Adult0.8[148]5.6[148]%

White blood cells

[edit]

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)Adult3.5,[10] 3.9,[150] 4.1,[22] 4.5[21]9.0,[10] 10.0,[150] 10.9,[22] 11[21]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn9[151]30[151]
1 year old6[151]18[151]
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		Adult1.3,[10] 1.8,[150] 2[151]5.4,[10] 7,[150] 8[151]x109/L
45–54[21]62,[21] 74% of WBC
Newborn6[151]26[151]x109/L
Neutrophilicband formsAdult0.7[151]x109/L
3[21]5[21]% of WBC
LymphocytesAdult0.7,[10] 1.0[150][151]3.5,[150] 3.9,[10] 4.8[151]x109/L
16–25[21]33,[21] 45% of WBC
Newborn2[151]11[151]x109/L
MonocytesAdult0.1,[10] 0.2[152][153]0.8[10][151][153]x109/L
3,[21] 4.07,[21] 10% of WBC
Newborn0.4[151]3.1[151]x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		Adult1.55x109/L
2035% of WBC
CD4+ T cellsAdult0.4,[22] 0.5[25]1.5,[25] 1.8[22]x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytesAdult0.0,[10] 0.04[153]0.44,[153] 0.45,[151] 0.5[10]x109/L
1[21]3,[21] 7% of WBC
Newborn0.02[151]0.85[151]x109/L
Basophil granulocytesAdult40[150]100,[10][153] 200,[151] 900[150]x106/L
0.00.75,[21] 2% of WBC
Newborn0.64[151]x109/L

Coagulation

[edit]
TestLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)140,[22] 150[10][21]350,[10][30] 400,[21] 450[22]x109/L or
x1000/μL
Mean platelet volume (MPV)7.2,[154] 7.4,[155] 7.5[156]10.4,[155] 11.5,[156] 11.7[154]fL
Prothrombin time (PT)10,[25] 11,[21][157] 12[22]13,[25] 13.5,[157] 14,[22] 15[21]sPT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR0.9[10]1.2[10]The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)18,[22] 30[10][25]28,[22] 42,[10] 45[25]s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)1118s
Fibrinogen1.7,[22] 2.0[10]3.6,[10] 4.2[22]g/L
Antithrombin0.80[10]1.2[10]kIU/L
0.15,[158] 0.17[159]0.2,[158] 0.39[159]mg/mL
Bleeding time29minutes
Viscosity1.5[160]1.72[160]cP

Immunology

[edit]

Acute phase proteins

[edit]

Acute phase proteins are markers ofinflammation.

TestPatientLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		Male0Age÷2[161]mm/hESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[162]
Female(Age+10)÷2[161]
C-reactive protein (CRP)5,[10][163] 6[164]mg/L
200,[165] 240[165]nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)20,[166] 22[167]38,[167] 53[166]μmol/L
89,[168] 97[10]170,[10] 230[168]mg/dL
Procalcitonin0.15[169]ng/mL or μg/L

Isotypes of antibodies

[edit]
Further information:Antibody
TestPatientLower limitUpper limitUnit
IgAAdult70,[10] 110[170]360,[10] 560[170]mg/dL
IgD0.5[170]3.0[170]
IgE0.01[170]0.04[170]
IgG800[170]1800[170]
IgM54[170]220[170]

Autoantibodies

[edit]
For clinical associations, seeAutoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is apositive test. There may also be anequivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

TestNegativeEquivocalPositiveUnit
anti-SS-A (Ro)< 1.0[171]n/a≥ 1.0[171]Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La)< 1.0[172]n/a≥ 1.0[172]
Anti ds-DNA< 30.0[173]30.0–75.0[173]> 75.0[173]International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA< 8[174]8–10[174]> 10[174]Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies< 25[174]n/a[174]> 25[174]
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)		< 20[174]21–30[174]> 30[174]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)		< 5[174]n/a> 5[174]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)< 0.1[175]0.1-0.9[175]≥ 1.0[175]Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)< 2020–30> 30[22]Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in
preschoolers		> 100
ASOT at school age> 250[22]
ASOT in adults> 125[22]
TestNegativeLow/weak positiveModerate positiveHigh/strong positiveUnit
Anti-phospholipid IgG< 20[174]20–30[174]31–50[174]> 51[174]GPLU/mL[174]
Anti-phospholipid IgM< 1.5[174]1.5–2.5[174]2–9.9[174]> 10[174]MPL /mL[174]
Anti-phospholipid IgA< 10[174]10–20[174]21–30[174]> 31[174]arb U/mL[174]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies< 20[174]20–39[174]40–59[174]> 60[174]EU[174]

Other immunology

[edit]
TestLower limitUpper limitUnit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio0.26[176]1.65[176](unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

[edit]
TestLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Serum total protein60,[21] 63[22]78,[21] 82,[22] 84[30]g/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)50[30]150[30]U/L
0.4[61]1.7[61]μmol/L
1.8[10]3.4[10]μkat/L< 70 years old[10]
Amylase25,[21] 30,[22] 53[30]110,[22] 120,[177] 123,[30] 125,[21] 190[61]U/L
0.15[10]1.1[10]μkat/L
200[165]240[165]nmol/L
D-dimer
-more detailed ranges inD-dimer article
n/a500[178]ng/mLHigher in pregnant women[179]
0.5[10]mg/L
Lipase7,[22] 10,[30] 23[61]60,[22] 150,[30] 208[61]U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)23[61]57[61]U/L
Acid phosphatase3.0[61]ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)2.3[10]16[10]μg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

[edit]

Electrolytes andmetabolites:For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

TestPatient typeLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Osmolality275,[21] 280,[30] 281[10]295,[21] 296,[30] 297[10]mOsm/kgPlasma weight excludes solutes
OsmolaritySlightly less than osmolalitymOsm/LPlasma volume includes solutes
Urea3.0[180]7.0[180]mmol/LBUN –blood urea nitrogen
7[21]18,[21] 21[22]mg/dL
*Uric acid[22]0.18[21]0.48[21]mmol/L
Female2.0[30]7.0[30]mg/dL
Male2.1[30]8.5[30]mg/dL
CreatinineMale60,[10] 68[181]90,[10] 118[181]μmol/LMay be complemented withcreatinine clearance
0.7,[182] 0.8[182]1.0,[182] 1.3[182]mg/dL
Female50,[10] 68[181]90,[10] 98[181]μmol/L
0.6,[182] 0.8[182]1.0,[182] 1.1[182]mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio5[30]35[30]–
Plasmaglucose (fasting)3.8,[21] 4.0[10]6.0,[10] 6.1[183]mmol/LSee alsoglycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65,[22] 70,[21] 72[184]100,[183] 110[30]mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting)3.3[10]5.6[10]mmol/L
60[184]100[184]mg/dL
Random glucose3.9[185]7.8[185]mmol/L
70[186]140[186]mg/dL
Lactate (Venous)4.5[30]19.8[30]mg/dL
0.5[187]2.2[187]mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)4.5[30]14.4[30]mg/dL
0.5[187]1.6[187]mmol/L
Pyruvate300[30]900[30]μg/dL
34[188]102[188]μmol/L
Ketones1[189]mg/dL
0.1[189]mmol/L

Medication

[edit]
TestLower limitUpper limitUnitComments
Digoxin0.5[190]2.0[190]ng/mLNarrowtherapeutic window
0.6[190]2.6[190]nmol/L
Lithium0.4,[191] 0.5,[192][193] 0.8[194]1.3[192][193]mmol/LNarrowtherapeutic window
Paracetamol30[195]mg/LRisk ofparacetamol toxicity at higher levels
200[195]μmol/L

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Miri-Dashe, Timzing; Osawe, Sophia; Tokdung, Monday; Daniel, Nenbammun; Choji, Rahila Pam; Mamman, Ille; Deme, Kurt; Damulak, Dapus; Abimiku, Alash'le (2014)."Comprehensive reference ranges for hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory parameters derived from normal Nigerian adults".PLOS ONE.9 (5): e93919.Bibcode:2014PLoSO...993919M.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093919.ISSN 1932-6203.PMC 4022493.PMID 24832127.
  2. ^Lo, Y. C.; Armbruster, David A. (April 2012)."Reference Intervals of Common Clinical Chemistry Analytes for Adults in Hong Kong".EJIFCC.23 (1):5–10.ISSN 1650-3414.PMC 4975210.PMID 27683403.
  3. ^DomBourian, Melkon G.; Helander, Louise; Annen, Kyle; Campbell, Alice (2025)."Chemistry & Hematology Reference Intervals".Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics. McGraw Hill.
  4. ^"Reference Ranges and What They Mean". Lab Tests Online (USA). Archived fromthe original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved22 June 2013.
  5. ^Page 19 in:Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard (2008).Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.ISBN 978-0-443-10186-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^Boyd, James C. (January 2010)."Defining laboratory reference values and decision limits: populations, intervals, and interpretations".Asian Journal of Andrology.12 (1):83–90.doi:10.1038/aja.2009.9.ISSN 1745-7262.PMC 3739683.PMID 20111086.
  7. ^"Reference Ranges & What They Mean | Lab Tests Online-UK".labtestsonline.org.uk.
  8. ^Bransky A, Larsson A, Aardal E, Ben-Yosef Y, Christenson RH (2021)."A Novel Approach to Hematology Testing at the Point of Care".J Appl Lab Med.6 (2):532–542.doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa186.PMC 7798949.PMID 33274357.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^"Units of measurement" inMedical toxicology, Richard C. DartEdition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4 1914 pages
  10. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwReference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
  11. ^Hill, Nathan R.; Levy, Jonathan C.; Matthews, David R. (11 July 2013)."Expansion of the Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance to Enable Clinical Trial Outcome Modeling Through the Interactive Adjustment of Physiology and Treatment Effects: iHOMA2".Diabetes Care.36 (8):2324–2330.doi:10.2337/dc12-0607.ISSN 0149-5992.PMC 3714535.PMID 23564921.
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  13. ^abc"Arterial versus venous reference ranges",Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
  14. ^abcdeAshvarya Mangla."Troponins".medscape. Retrieved2017-07-24. Updated: Jan 14, 2015
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  16. ^abcdStrunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, et al. (January 2006)."Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study".The American Journal of Medicine.119 (1): 69.e1–11.doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029.PMID 16431187.
  17. ^Abbassi-Ghanavati, M.; Greer, L. G.; Cunningham, F. G. (2009). "Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies".Obstetrics & Gynecology.114 (6):1326–31.doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8.PMID 19935037.S2CID 24249021.
  18. ^Armbruster, David; Miller (August 2007)."The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results".The Clinical Biochemist Reviews.28 (3):105–14.PMC 1994110.PMID 17909615.
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  20. ^PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI / POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  21. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcddLast page ofDeepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007).First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical.ISBN 978-0-07-149868-5.
  22. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbNormal Reference Range TableArchived 2011-12-25 at theWayback Machine from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
  23. ^abcdDerived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
  24. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
  25. ^abcdefghijklmMerck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
  26. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
  27. ^abLarsson L, Ohman S (November 1978)."Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism".Clin. Chem.24 (11):1962–65.doi:10.1093/clinchem/24.11.1962.PMID 709830.
  28. ^abcdDerived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
  29. ^abcDerived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
  30. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzBlood Test Results – Normal RangesArchived 2012-11-02 at theWayback Machine Bloodbook.Com
  31. ^abcdefghijklSlon S (2006-09-22)."Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. Archived fromthe original on 2006-10-28. Retrieved2006-07-06.
  32. ^abcdDiagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL AssayArchived 2009-01-06 at theWayback Machine July 15, 2005
  33. ^abcdefghijklmDerived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
  34. ^abTable 1. Page 133"Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
  35. ^abDerived by dividing mass values with molar mass
  36. ^abcdFerritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  37. ^abAndrea Duchini."Hemochromatosis Workup".Medscape. Retrieved2016-07-14. Updated: Jan 02, 2016
  38. ^abcdeDerived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
  39. ^abMitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001)."Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype".Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.125 (8):1084–87.doi:10.5858/2001-125-1084-MCCAHH.PMID 11473464.
  40. ^abDiaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995)."Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion".Clin. Chem.41 (7): 1048.doi:10.1093/clinchem/41.7.1048a.PMID 7600690.
  41. ^abcdDerived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
  42. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
  43. ^"Reference range for copper".GPnotebook.
  44. ^abDerived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
  45. ^Walter F. Boron (2005).Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 849.ISBN 978-1-4160-2328-9.
  46. ^ab"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2010-03-07. Retrieved2010-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  48. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  49. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  50. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  51. ^Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006)."Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate".Emerg Med J.23 (8):622–24.doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915.PMC 2564165.PMID 16858095.
  52. ^abcdefghijklThe Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates / ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
  53. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
  54. ^abcdefghDerived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
  55. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
  56. ^abcdDerived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
  57. ^"Reference range (albumin)".GPnotebook.
  58. ^abDerived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
  59. ^abcdeDerived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  60. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  61. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsFachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004.ISBN 978-3-437-15120-0. Length: 1288 pages
  62. ^abcdGPnotebook > reference range (AST)Archived 2017-01-07 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
  63. ^ab"Gamma-GT".Leistungsverzeichnis. Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute. Archived fromthe original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved20 November 2011.
  64. ^ab"Creatine kinase".GPnotebook.
  65. ^abcdPage 585 in:Lee, Mary Ann (2009).Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System.ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0.
  66. ^abcdMuscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
  67. ^Caselli, C.; Cangemi, G.; Masotti, S.; Ragusa, R.; Gennai, I.; Del Ry, S.; Prontera, C.; Clerico, A. (2016-07-01)."Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates, children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method: High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age".Clinica Chimica Acta.458:68–71.doi:10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.029.ISSN 0009-8981.PMID 27118089.
  68. ^Baum, Hannsjörg; Hinze, Anika; Bartels, Peter; Neumeier, Dieter (2004-12-01)."Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates".Clinical Biochemistry.37 (12):1079–82.doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.003.ISSN 0009-9120.PMID 15589813.
  69. ^abPage 220 in:Lee, Mary Ann (2009).Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System.ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0.
  70. ^abcdefghijklmnAdëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test valuesArchived 2009-05-29 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  71. ^abcdefDerived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according tofaqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  72. ^abcdDerived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  73. ^abc"Reference range (cholesterol)".GPnotebook.
  74. ^abcdefghRoyal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
  75. ^abcdefghijDerived from values in mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  76. ^What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
  77. ^"HDL Cholesterol: The Test". September 3, 2001. Archived fromthe original on 2001-09-03.
  78. ^GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
  79. ^ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
  80. ^abBjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008)."Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study".Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation.68 (8):703–13.doi:10.1080/00365510802126836.PMID 18609108.S2CID 12545738.
  81. ^Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
  82. ^abcLuboldt, Hans-Joachim; Schindler, Joachim F.; Rübben, Herbert (2007). "Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer".EAU-EBU Update Series.5 (1):38–48.doi:10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003.ISSN 1871-2592.
  83. ^abcBasuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P (October 2004)."Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children".Clinical Chemistry.50 (10):1828–30.doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963.PMID 15388660.
  84. ^The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...Archived 2016-04-11 at theWayback Machine By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
  85. ^ab2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your NumbersArchived 2008-03-03 at theWayback Machine Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  86. ^abThe TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...Archived 2016-04-11 at theWayback Machine By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  87. ^abDemers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002)."LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease".National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). Archived fromthe original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved2007-04-13. – seeSection 2. Pre-analytic factors
  88. ^abcdefFree T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, FreeArchived 2010-12-22 at theWayback Machine UNC Health Care System
  89. ^Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  90. ^abcdefDerived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  91. ^abcdefghijklmnoTable 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assaysArchived 2011-07-01 at theWayback Machine – Thyroid Disease Manager
  92. ^abcdvan der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P (July 2008)."Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine".Clinical Chemistry.54 (7):1239–41.doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428.PMID 18593963.
  93. ^abcdDerived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
  94. ^abCioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children".Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.14 (9):1635–39.doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635.PMID 11795654.S2CID 34910563.INIST 13391788.
  95. ^Häggström, Mikael (2014)."Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle".WikiJournal of Medicine.1 (1).doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.001.
  96. ^ab"Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis". Archived fromthe original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved2008-11-28.
  97. ^abcdDerived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  98. ^abcdefgDerived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  99. ^abcdMedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
  100. ^abcdDerived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
  101. ^abcdefghijreference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  102. ^abcdefValues taken from day 1 after LH surge in:Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer".Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.44 (7):883–87.doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160.PMID 16776638.S2CID 524952.
  103. ^abcdefNew York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges[permanent dead link] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  104. ^abMayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), SerumArchived 2016-09-25 at theWayback Machine, retrieved December 2012
  105. ^abcdefgGPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol)Archived 2012-06-09 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  106. ^abcdefgDerived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
  107. ^abcdTotal amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in:Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle".J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.43 (2):436–45.doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436.PMID 950372.
  108. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
  109. ^abBhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005)Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52
  110. ^abDehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), SerumArchived 2018-03-14 at theWayback Machine at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
  111. ^abcdUnit Code 91215Archived 2011-07-20 at theWayback Machine atMayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
  112. ^abAntimullerian Hormone (AMH), SerumArchived 2013-07-29 at theWayback Machine from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
  113. ^abDerived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
  114. ^abNieman, Lynnette K (29 September 2019)."Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides".www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. Retrieved25 June 2021.
  115. ^abcdBiochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  116. ^abcdDerived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
  117. ^abcdefghFriedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)".Growth Hormone & IGF Research.18 (3):228–37.doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005.PMID 17997337.
  118. ^abcdefghijklmnopTaken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, fromTable 2 in:Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008)."Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms".Clinical Chemistry.54 (10):1673–81.doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312.PMID 18719199.
  119. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  120. ^abTable 2 in:Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006)."Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone".Endocr Pract.12 (2):137–44.doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137.PMC 1482827.PMID 16690460.
  121. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  122. ^abcdefDerived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
  123. ^abcdBender, David A. (2003)."Vitamin D".Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5. Retrieved December 10, 2008 throughGoogle Book Search.
  124. ^abcdBischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. (September 2004)."Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y".The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.80 (3):752–58.doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752.PMID 15321818.
  125. ^abcdReusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population".Horm. Metab. Res.41 (5):402–07.doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131.PMID 19241329.S2CID 260166796.
  126. ^abcdefghVasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005)."Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy".BMJ.331 (7508):108–09, author reply 109.doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b.PMC 558659.PMID 16002891.
  127. ^abConverted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  128. ^abPratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988)."Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.263 (7):3137–41.doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5.PMID 2893797.
  129. ^abcdNew Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid HormoneArchived 2011-10-27 at theWayback Machine University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  130. ^abConverted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  131. ^abConverted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
  132. ^abcdTiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling".The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.90 (1):72–78.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.117.5182.doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149.PMID 15483077.
  133. ^abcdefCentral Manchester University Hospitals / Reference rangesArchived 2012-11-30 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  134. ^University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  135. ^abcdeDerived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
  136. ^abGPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  137. ^abDerived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  138. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  139. ^abcd"Homocysteine".www.thedoctorsdoctor.com.
  140. ^abcdDerived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
  141. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
  142. ^abcForDriving under the influence by country, seeDrunk driving law by country
  143. ^Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
  144. ^abcdeDerived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from:Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle".J Appl Physiol.90 (2):511–19.doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511.PMID 11160049.S2CID 15468862.
  145. ^abcdNormal Lab ValuesArchived 2014-12-16 at theWayback Machine at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
  146. ^abcdefghmolar concentration as given forhemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to:Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010)."Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected".Annals of Hematology.89 (2): 209.doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x.PMID 19609525.S2CID 3091357.
  147. ^abcdDerived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from:Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle".J Appl Physiol.90 (2):511–19.doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511.PMID 11160049.S2CID 15468862.. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
  148. ^abcdefMorkis IV, Farias MG, Scotti L (2016)."Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent".Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter.38 (4):310–313.doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.001.PMC 5119661.PMID 27863758.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  149. ^abBrugnara C, Schiller B, Moran J (2006)."Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states".Clinical and Laboratory Haematology.28 (5):303–8.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00812.x.PMC 1618805.PMID 16999719.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  150. ^abcdefghlymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  151. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuMcClatchey, Kenneth D. (November 28, 2002).Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.ISBN 9780683307511 – via Google Books.
  152. ^"Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population"Central European Journal of Immunology (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  153. ^abcdegpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  154. ^abDemirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA (2011). "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study".Thromb. Res.128 (4):358–60.doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007.hdl:20.500.12684/3830.PMID 21620440.
  155. ^abNormal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units)Archived 2011-07-27 at theWayback Machine From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
  156. ^abLozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A (1998). "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]".Med Clin (Barc) (in Spanish).110 (20):774–77.PMID 9666418.
  157. ^abMedlinePlus Encyclopedia:003652
  158. ^abAntithrombin III ateMedicine
  159. ^abAntithrombin CO000300 inCoagulation Test Handbook atMassachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
    • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.
  160. ^ab"Home".pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk. RetrievedNovember 20, 2009.
  161. ^abMiller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983)."Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate".British Medical Journal.286 (6361): 266.doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266.PMC 1546487.PMID 6402065.
  162. ^Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967)."Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age".Br Med J.2 (5544):85–87.doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85.PMC 1841240.PMID 6020854.
  163. ^"C-reactive protein".GPnotebook.
  164. ^2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal DiseaseArchived 2008-12-20 at theWayback Machine A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  165. ^abcdDerived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  166. ^abSipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn".Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology.25 (3):274–75.doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019.PMID 12621252.
  167. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  168. ^abDerived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  169. ^"Procalcitonin, Serum".Mayo Clinic. Retrieved2015-03-01.
  170. ^abcdefghijThe Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > ImmunoglobulinsArchived 2009-10-15 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
  171. ^ab"SSA – Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum".www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved2 July 2020.
  172. ^ab"SSB – Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum".www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved2 July 2020.
  173. ^abc"ADNA – Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum".www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved2 July 2020.
  174. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaechronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference rangesArchived 2013-07-30 at theWayback Machine Retrieved on April 29, 2010
  175. ^abc"AMA – Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum".www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved2 July 2020.
  176. ^abRajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. (August 2005)."Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance".Blood.106 (3):812–17.doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038.PMC 1895159.PMID 15855274.
  177. ^"Reference range (amylase)".GPnotebook.
  178. ^Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes".Archives of Internal Medicine.162 (22):2589–93.doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589.hdl:2434/51239.PMID 12456231.
  179. ^Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005)."D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed".Clinical Chemistry.51 (5):825–29.doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883.PMID 15764641.
  180. ^abGardner MD, Scott R (April 1980)."Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town".Journal of Clinical Pathology.33 (4):380–85.doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380.PMC 1146084.PMID 7400337.
  181. ^abcdFinney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000)."Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance".Annals of Clinical Biochemistry.37 (1):49–59.doi:10.1258/0004563001901524.PMID 10672373.S2CID 35866310.
  182. ^abcdefghDerived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
  183. ^abMedlinePlus Encyclopedia:Glucose tolerance test
  184. ^abcDerived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  185. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  186. ^ab"Diabetes – Prevention".Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved2016-06-23. Last revised 1/15/2013
  187. ^abcdDerived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  188. ^abDerived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  189. ^abKetones ateMedicine
  190. ^abcdPage 700 in:
    Richard C. Dart (2004).Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004.ISBN 9780781728454.
  191. ^The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illnessCamcolit 250 mg Lithium CarbonateArchived 2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
  192. ^abAmdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication".J. Anal. Toxicol.2 (5):193–202.doi:10.1093/jat/2.5.193.
  193. ^abR. Baselt,Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
  194. ^One study (Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder".The American Journal of Psychiatry.153 (10):1301–07.doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301.PMID 8831438.) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data".The American Journal of Psychiatry.159 (7):1155–59.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155.PMID 12091193.S2CID 12103424.) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels[improper synthesis?]
  195. ^abJohn Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013).Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.ISBN 9781455749874.

External links

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data".bioRxiv 10.1101/213892.
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