Red Hook
Neighborhood of Brooklyn
NYCHARed Hook Houses
Location in New York City
Coordinates:40°40′37″N74°00′40″W / 40.677°N 74.011°W /40.677; -74.011
Country	United States
State	New York
City	New York City
Borough	Brooklyn
Community District	Brooklyn 6[1]
Settled	1636
Founded by	Dutch colonists
Named after	red clay on the point of a nearby island in theUpper New York Bay
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Code	11231
Area codes	718, 347, 929, and917

Red Hook is a neighborhood in westernBrooklyn,New York City,United States, within the area once known asSouth Brooklyn. It is located on a peninsula projecting into theUpper New York Bay and is bounded by theGowanus Expressway and theCarroll Gardens neighborhood on the northeast,Gowanus Canal on the east, and the Upper New York Bay on the west and south. A prosperous shipping and port area in the early 20th century, the area declined in the latter part of the century. Today, it is home to theRed Hook Houses, the largest housing project in Brooklyn.

Red Hook is part ofBrooklyn Community District 6, and its primaryZIP Code is 11231.^[1] It is patrolled by the 76th Precinct of theNew York City Police Department.^[2] Politically, Red Hook is represented by theNew York City Council's 38th District.^[3]

The nativeLenape referred to the region asIhepetonga, meaning a high point of sandy soil.^[4] The village was settled by Dutch colonists ofNew Amsterdam in 1636, and namedRoode Hoek, after the red clay soil and the point of land projecting into theUpper New York Bay. In Dutch,Hoek means "point" or "corner", and not the English hook (i.e., something curved or bent).[4]^[5][6]: 4 The actualhoek of Red Hook was a point on an island that stuck out into Upper New York Bay at today's Dikeman Street west of Ferris Street. In 1657,Roode Hoek became part of the Town of Brooklyn.^[7]

Rapelye Street in Red Hook commemorates the beginnings of one ofNew Amsterdam's earliest families, the Rapelje clan, descended from the first European child born in the new Dutch settlement in theNew World,Sarah Rapelje. She was born nearWallabout Bay, which later became the site of the New York (Brooklyn) Naval Shipyard.^[7][8] A couple of decades after the birth of his daughter Sarah,Joris Jansen Rapelje removed to Brooklyn, where he was one of theCouncil of twelve men, and where he was soon joined by son-in-lawHans Hansen Bergen. Rapelye Street in Red Hook is named for Rapelje and his descendants, who lived in Brooklyn for centuries.^[9][10]

During theBattle of Brooklyn (also known as the Battle of Long Island),Fort Defiance was constructed on thehoek. It is shown on a map called "a Map of the Environs of Brooklyn" drawn in 1780 by Loyalist engineer George S. Sproule. The Sproule map shows that the Fort Defiance complex consisted of three redoubts on a small island connected by trenches, with an earthwork on the island's south side to defend against a landing. The entire earthwork was about 1,600 feet (490 m) long and covered the entire island. The three redoubts covered an area about 400 feet (120 m) by 800 feet (240 m). The two principal earthworks were about 150 feet (46 m) by 175 feet (53 m), and the tertiary one was about 75 feet (23 m) by 100 feet (30 m). Maps from Sproule andBernard Ratzer show that Red Hook was a low-lying area full of tidal mill ponds created by the Dutch.^[11][12]

GeneralIsrael Putnam came to New York on April 4, 1776, to assess the state of its defenses and strengthen them.^[13] Among the works initiated were forts onGovernor's Island and Red Hook, facing the bay. On April 10, one thousand Continentals took possession of both points and began constructing Fort Defiance which mounted onethree pounder cannon and four eighteen pounders. The cannons were to be fired over the tops of the fort's walls. In May,George Washington described it as "small but exceedingly strong". On July 5, GeneralNathanael Greene called it "a post of vast importance" and, three days later,Col. Varnum'sregiment joined its garrison. On July 12, the British frigatesRose andPhoenix and the schoonerTyrol ran the gauntlet past Defiance and the stronger Governor's Island works without firing a shot, and got all the way toTappan Zee. They stayed there for over a month, beating off harassing attacks, and finally returned toStaten Island on August 18.^[7] It appeared that gunfire from Fort Defiance did damage to the British ships.

Samuel Shaw wrote to his parents on July 15:

General Howe has arrived with the army from Halifax, which is encamped on Staten Island. On Friday, two ships and three tenders, taking advantage of a brisk gale and strong current, ran by our batteries, up the North River where they at present remain. By deserters we learn that they sustained considerable damage, being hulled in many places, and very much hurt in their rigging. So great was their hurry, that they would not stay to return our salute, though it was given with much cordiality and warmth; which they seemed very sensible of, notwithstanding their distance, which was nearly two miles.

Almost the entire New York metropolitan area was under British military occupation from the end of 1776 until November 23, 1783, when they evacuated the city.

In the 1840s, entrepreneurs began to build ports as the "offloading end" of theErie Canal. These included theAtlantic Basin, dredged in 1850, and theErie Basin, dredged in 1864.^{[6]: 6–7 [7]} Simultaneously, in 1849, theNew York Legislature granted permission to dredge the nearbyGowanus Creek so it could be used as a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) commercial waterway connected toUpper New York Bay. The creek's dredging was completed in 1860.^[14] Another act of the Legislature in 1867 allowed the canal to be deepened further.^[15] With the completion of the creek's dredging, Red Hook became an industrial hub, seeing up to 26,000 ships per year.^[4][6]: 14

Dockworkers of various ethnicities began settling in Red Hook. African-American dockworkers began to move to Red Hook in the 1890s,^[6]: 12 while Italians had settled around Columbia Street.^[6]: 10 Many dockworkers lived in boarding houses, some of which had been speculatively built rowhouses.^[4] The industrial development also gave way to haphazardshanty towns. By the mid-1880s, a "Slab City" of 2,000squatters and several hundred livestock had developed around Hamilton Avenue.^[16]

By the early 20th century, Red Hook had gained a reputation of decay, with organized crime having started to develop in the area.^[4][17] From the 1920s on, many poor and unemployed Norwegians, mostly former sailors, were living in the area in what they calledØrkenen Sur ("The Bitter Desert") around places like Hamilton Avenue and Gospel Hill.^[18] In 2015,NRK made a documentary about it in Norwegian.^[19] There is also an old documentary film about this.^[20]

In the 1930s, the area was poor, and the site of the currentRed Hook Houses was the site of a shack city for the homeless called a "Hooverville". Officials began looking to revitalize Red Hook at that time. TheRed Hook Play Center and Red Hook Recreational Area opened in 1936 and 1940, respectively.^[4] The Red Hook Houses were completed in 1939.^[21]

In the 1990s,Life magazine named Red Hook as one of the "worst" neighborhoods in the United States and as "thecrack capital of America".^[22] Patrick Daly, the principal of P.S. 15 in Red Hook, was killed in 1992 in the crossfire of a drug-related shooting while looking for a pupil who had left his school. The school was later renamed the Patrick Daly School after him, who was beloved within the school.^[23]

In 2010, Red Hook's first community newspaper,The Red Hook Star-Revue, began publication. Red Hook was heavily damaged byHurricane Sandy in 2012, two years later.^[24] In 2024, the New York City government took over about 120 acres (49 ha) of land on Red Hook's waterfront, with plans to redevelop it.^[25][26]

TheMary A. Whalen andLehigh Valley Railroad Barge No. 79 are listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.^[27][28]

Red Hook is apeninsula betweenButtermilk Channel, Gowanus Bay, andGowanus Canal at the southern edge ofDowntown Brooklyn. Red Hook is in the area known asSouth Brooklyn, which, contrary to its name, is actually in western Brooklyn. This name is derived from the originalCity of Brooklyn which ended at Atlantic Street, now Atlantic Avenue. By the 1950s, anything south of Atlantic Avenue was considered South Brooklyn; thus, the names "Red Hook" and "South Brooklyn" were applied also to today'sCarroll Gardens,Cobble Hill,Columbia Heights, andGowanus neighborhoods. Portions ofCarroll Gardens andCobble Hill were granted landmark status in the 1970s and were carved out of Red Hook.

Red Hook has a fully frontal view of theStatue of Liberty,^{[citation needed]} which was oriented to face towards the southeast, welcoming ships coming intoNew York Harbor.^[29]

Red Hook is the site of theNYCHARed Hook Houses, the largestpublic housing development inBrooklyn, which accommodates about 6,000 people.^[30] Red Hook also contains several parks, includingRed Hook Park.^[31] The park is in the vicinity, if not the exact location, of where the celebrated Civil War era baseball teamExcelsior of Brooklyn played many of their home games.^[32] The neighborhood contains aheritage trail recalling its portion of theBattle of Brooklyn in the revolutionary war.

Red Hook has a largeIKEA store (346,000 square feet (32,100 m²)) that opened on June 18, 2008, near theGowanus Expressway.^[33] The building of IKEA was controversial. Opponents cited concerns includingtraffic congestion, a decrease in property values and destruction of thistransit-oriented neighborhood and historically significant buildings in the area.^[34] Brooklyn artistGreg Lindquist exhibited a group of paintings in February 2008 in New York City that depicted the IKEA site in process, juxtaposing the maritime decay with the new construction.^{[citation needed]}

As part of the IKEA development, a number of Civil War era buildings were demolished and theRed Hook graving dock, a 19th-centurydry dock still in use, was filled in and leveled for use as a parking lot.^[35] A Maritime Support Services Location Study by theNew York City Economic Development Corporation found that New York City needed eight more dry docks. According to the report, it would cost $1 billion to replace the one sold to IKEA, although no schedule for replacement was announced.^[36] In addition, IKEA's contractor was found to be in "violation for not having filed asbestos work, failing to monitor the air, not posting warnings, failure to construct decontamination protections before disturbing the asbestos-containing materials, and doing nothing to protect and decontaminate the material, as well as the workers and building waste."^[37]

New York Water Taxi began operation of a ferry route to the IKEA store in Red Hook when it opened in 2008; the free service was implemented as a measure to improve transportation access to the new store but was not limited to use by store customers.^[38] The overall demand for the ferry by shoppers and non-shoppers was so high that the following year a $5 fare was charged for the service on weekdays, except for passengers that spent more than $10 in the store. Ferry service on weekends remained free of charge.^[39] The ferry service was taken over byNY Waterway in 2021 and remains free, but now only operates on weekends.^[40][41]

Based on data from the2010 United States Census, the population of the Carroll Gardens/Columbia Street/Red Hook neighborhood tabulation area was 38,353, a change of 26 (0.1%) from the 38,327 counted in2000. Covering an area of 1,040.71 acres (421.16 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 36.9 inhabitants per acre (23,600/sq mi; 9,100/km²).^[42]

The racial makeup of the Carroll Gardens/Columbia Street/Red Hook neighborhood tabulation area was 60.9% (23,342)White, 11.9% (4,573)African American, 0.2% (61)Native American, 4.5% (1,728)Asian, 0% (13)Pacific Islander, 0.4% (143) fromother races, and 2.4% (912) from two or more races, andHispanic orLatino of any race were 19.8% (7,581) of the population.^[43]

The majority of residents identified as either Black, Hispanic, or Latino during the late 20th century. As late as 2000, 43% of the neighborhood's population was Black, and nearly half identified as Hispanic of Latino. Between 2000 and 2016, the ratio of white residents increased by 320%. According to a 2016 U.S. Census estimate, Red Hook's population was 31% white and 35% Black; in addition, 44% of residents identified as Hispanic or Latino of any race.^[44]

Red Hook is patrolled by the 76th Precinct of theNYPD, located at 191 Union Street.^[2] The 76th Precinct ranked 37th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.^[45] The 76th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.1% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 4 murders, 9 rapes, 53 robberies, 91 felony assaults, 65 burglaries, 210 grand larcenies, and 28 grand larcenies auto in 2018.^[46]

TheNew York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates two fire stations serving Red Hook:^[47]

• Engine Company 202/Ladder Company 101 – 31 Richards Street^[48]
• Engine Company 279/Ladder Company 131 – 252 Lorraine Street^[49]

Schools in Red Hook include:^[50]

• Pave Academy Charter School – Grades K–8
• P.S.15 Patrick F. Daly – Grades PK–5
• Summit Academy Charter School – Grades 6–12
• South Brooklyn Community High School – Grades 9–12
• Red Hook Neighborhood School – Grades PK–5
• Basis Independent Brooklyn – Grade K-12

TheBrooklyn Public Library's Red Hook branch is located at 7 Wolcott Street, near Dwight Street. The branch was originally housed in aCarnegie library structure, which was built in 1915 but burned down in a 1946 fire.^[51]

Red Hook has been served byNYC Ferry's South Brooklyn route^[52] since 2017.^[53][54] NY Waterway operates a free ferry service between the IKEA store,Wall St/Pier 11, andMidtown/Pier 79 on weekends; the route was previously operated by New York Water Taxi and began operation in 2008 in conjunction with the store's opening.^[38][40][41]

Thetransatlantic linerRMS Queen Mary 2 docks in Red Hook. In spring 2006, a newCarnival Cruise Lines terminal, theBrooklyn Cruise Terminal, opened at Pier 12 at Pioneer Street, bringing additional tourists.

TheRed Hook Container Terminal is one of four such facilities in thePort of New York and New Jersey and is the only maritime facility in Brooklyn to handlecontainer ships.^[55][56]

Subway service in the area is sparse. The closest subway stops are along theIND Culver Line (F and ​G trains), at eitherCarroll Street orSmith–Ninth Streets stations.^[57][58]

New York City Bus service is also sparse, but popular. TheB61 bus route provides service from Hamilton Avenue, through Erie Basin/IKEA Plaza, to Van Brunt Street and then northward, through theColumbia Street Waterfront District and terminates inDowntown Brooklyn. It also connects with the Culver Line'sSmith–Ninth Streets station. TheB57 bus connects Red Hook with Downtown Brooklyn andMaspeth, Queens.^[57]

IKEA provides a complimentary shuttle that runs toSmith–Ninth Streets,Fourth Avenue / Ninth Street, andCourt Street – Borough Hall subway stations from 3 to 9 pm daily, Monday through Friday every half hour, and Saturday and Sunday from 11 am to 9 pm every 20 minutes. Non-shoppers also use this service.^[59]

Althoughelectric trolleys have not run in Brooklyn since 1956,^[60] activists led by theBrooklyn Historic Railway Association (BHRA) have been trying to revive streetcars in Red Hook since 1989.^[61] With permission from New York City's government to develop a streetcar line running from Beard Street to Borough Hall, in the 1990s BHRA president Robert Diamond collected disusedPCC streetcars that had been used in Boston and Buffalo for potential use on the new line.^[60] By 1999, Diamond had begun laying new track for the project, but in 2003 transportation officials elected to revoke Diamond's rights to the route's right of way, instead intending to sell them to the highest bidder in the event that the project ever moved forward. Diamond's efforts to secure independent funding were not successful.^[62]

In 2005, Rep.Nydia Velázquez helped obtain a $300,000 federal grant for a six-month streetcar study.^[61] Although BHRA had estimated $10–$15 million would be required to complete the project, theNew York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) streetcar feasibility study (completed in April 2011) concluded that the 6.8 miles (10.9 km) line would cost $176 million in capital funding, plus an additional $6.2 to $7.2 million in annual operating funds. A significant portion of the capital cost would be required to make modifications to Red Hook's narrow streets in order to allow streetcars to make right turns.^[63] The study ultimately found that the streetcar was not feasible because of high costs, potentially low ridership, and physical constraints like narrow streets.^[63]

In January 2016, a new proposal for a streetcar line in Red Hook, called theBrooklyn–Queens Connector, was made public by a non-profit group named Friends of the Brooklyn Queens Connector.^[64][65] The study proposed a 17-mile (27 km) route between the neighborhoods ofAstoria in Queens andSunset Park in Brooklyn, passing through several neighborhoods on the way, including Red Hook.^[65] The private results of the study estimated that the streetcar's construction would cost $1.7 billion and would serve 15.8 million annual riders by 2035.^[65] In February 2016, the office of MayorBill de Blasio announced that the city would begin planning work for the streetcar line.^[66] However, although a list of possible routings for the streetcar was released in November 2016,^[67][68] there was insufficient funding to start construction.^[69] By August 2018, the southern terminal of the proposed streetcar had been truncated to Red Hook^[70] and the proposed cost rose to $2.73 billion,^[71][72] with projected completion postponed to 2029.^[73]

Red Hook is connected toManhattan by theBrooklyn–Battery Tunnel, whose approaches separate it fromCarroll Gardens andColumbia Street to the north. The tunnel's toll plaza was formerly located in Red Hook but was removed in 2017, replaced byelectronic toll collection gantries on the Manhattan side of the tunnel.^[74][75]

TheGowanus Expressway (Interstate 278) also runs through the neighborhood.

The Red Hook Waterfront Arts Festival^[76] is an annual summer kick-off held in Louis J. Valentino, Jr. Park & Pier featuring dance, music, and spoken-word poetry. Dance Theatre Etcetera, the producers of the event, concentrate local resources for residents and bring in community partners with activities for the whole family.

Sundays at Sunny's is a reading series held the first Sunday of every month, co-sponsored by Sunny's Bar and theindependent bookstoreBookCourt, and co-ordinated by writer Gabriel Cohen.

Red Hook Crit^[77] is an annual, unsanctioned bicycle race held on a springtime night ontrack bikes. It began as an underground event but has grown to become "what is possibly the country's coolest bike race."^[78]

TheBrooklyn Street Circuit is located in Red Hook and hosts the annualNew York City ePrix.^[79]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toRed Hook, Brooklyn.

• Gowanus and Red Hook travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Red Hook Star-Revue local newspaper distributed in Red Hook and the adjacent Columbia Waterfront District and Carroll Gardens.

• Red Hook, Brooklyn
• Neighborhoods in Brooklyn

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