Arear-view mirror (orrearview mirror) is a, usuallyflat, mirror inautomobiles and other vehicles, designed to allow the driver to see rearward through the vehicle's rear window (rearwindshield).
In cars, the rear-view mirror is usually affixed to the top of thewindshield on a double-swivel mount allowing it to be adjusted to suit the height and viewing angle of any driver and to swing harmlessly out of the way if impacted by a vehicle occupant in acollision.
The rear-view mirror is augmented by one or moreside-view mirrors, which serve as the only rear-vision mirrors ontrucks,motorcycles andbicycles.
Early use of fixed mirrors was described as early as 1906, with a trade magazine noting mirrors for showing what is coming behind were now popular on closed bodied automobiles, and were likely to be widely adopted in a short time.[1] The same year, a Mr. Bilal Ghanty fromFrance patented a "Warning mirror for automobiles".[2] The Argus Dash Mirror, adjustable to any position to see the road behind, appeared in 1908.[3][4] Earliest known rear-view mirror mounted on a racing vehicle appeared onRay Harroun'sMarmon race car at the inauguralIndianapolis 500 race in 1911.[5] Harroun himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on ahorse-drawn vehicle in 1904.[6] Harroun also claimed that the mirror vibrated constantly due to the rough brick surface, and it was rendered largely useless.[7]
Elmer Berger is usually credited with inventing the rear-view mirror, though in fact he was the first to patent it (1921) and develop it for incorporation into production street going automobiles by his Berger and Company.[citation needed]
Recently,rear-view video cameras have been built into many new model cars, this was partially in response to the rear-view mirrors' inability to show the road directly behind the car, due to the rear deck or trunk obscuring as much as 3–5 meters (10–15 feet) of road behind the car. As many as 50 small children are killed bySUVs every year in the USA because the driver cannot see them in their rear-view mirrors.[8] Camera systems are usually mounted to the rear bumper or lower parts of the car, allowing for better rear visibility.[citation needed]
Aftermarket secondary rear-view mirrors are available. They attach to the main rear-view mirror and are independently adjustable to view the back seat. This is useful to enable adults to monitor children in the back seat.[citation needed]
 Day position Night positionIn the "day" position, the driver sees the road behind by reflection on the (rear) metal surface. In the "night" position, the driver sees the dimmer reflection on the (front) glass coating. The light is attenuated in the second mode, which partially compensates thepupillary response. |
Aprismatic rear-viewmirror—sometimes called a "day/night mirror"—can betilted to reduce the brightness andglare of lights, mostly for high-beamheadlights of vehicles behind which would otherwise be reflected directly into the driver's eyes at night. This type of mirror is made of a piece of glass that is wedge-shaped in cross-section—its front and rear surfaces are not parallel.
On manual tilt versions, a tab is used to adjust the mirror between "day" and "night" positions. In the day view position, the front surface is tilted and the reflective back side gives a strong reflection. When the mirror is moved to the night view position, its reflecting rear surface is tilted out of line with the driver's view. This view is actually a reflection of the low-reflection front surface; only a much-reduced amount of light is reflected in the driver's eyes.
"Manual tilt" day/night mirrors first began appearing in the 1930s and became standard equipment on most passenger cars and trucks by the early 1970s.
In the 1940s, American inventorJacob Rabinow developed a light-sensitive automatic mechanism for the wedge-type day/night mirror.[9] SeveralChrysler Corporation cars offered these automatic mirrors as optional equipment as early as 1959, but few customers ordered them for their cars and the item was soon withdrawn from the option lists.[citation needed] Several automakers[vague] began offering rear-view mirrors with automatic dimming again in 1983,[citation needed] and it was in the late 1980s that they began to catch on in popularity.[citation needed]
Current systems usually usephotosensors mounted in the rear-view mirror to detect light and dim the mirror by means ofelectrochromism. This electrochromic feature has also been incorporated intoside-view mirrors allowing them to dim and reduce glare as well.
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Objects are sometimes hung from the rear-view mirror, includingcross necklaces,prayer beads,good luck charms, decorations likefuzzy dice, and air fresheners likeLittle Trees.[10][11] In some jurisdictions such hanging is illegal on the basis that it impairs the driver's forward view and so compromises safety.[12]Black Lives Matter protesters have cited this as an example of the minor violations used as grounds fortraffic stops disproportionately targeting black drivers.[12][13]
On trucks and buses, the load often blocks rearward vision out the backlight. In the U.S. virtually all trucks and buses have a side view mirror on each side, often mounted on the doors and viewed out the side windows, which are used for rear vision. These mirrors leave a large unviewable ("blind") area behind the vehicle, which tapers down as the distance increases. This is a safety issue which the driver must compensate for, often with a person guiding the truck back in congested areas, or by backing in a curve.[14] "Spot mirrors", aconvex mirror which provides a distorted image of the entire side of the vehicle, are commonly mounted on at least the right side of a vehicle. In the U.S. mirrors are considered "safety equipment", and are not included in width restrictions.[15][16]
Depending on thetype of motorcycle, the motorcycle may or may not have rear-view mirrors.Street-legal motorcycles are generally required to have rear-view mirrors. Motorcycles for off-road use only normally do not have rear-view mirrors. Rear-view mirrors come in various shapes and designs and have various methods of mounting the mirrors to the motorcycle, most commonly to thehandlebars. Rear-view mirrors can also be attached to the rider'smotorcycle helmet. The Reevu MSX1 helmet uses an internal periscope that allows the user rear vision.[17][18][19]
Somebicycles are equipped with a rear-view mirror mounted on ahandlebar. Rear-view mirrors may also be fitted to thebicycle frame, on ahelmet, on thearm or the frame of a pair ofeyeglasses. This allows what is behind to be checked continuously without turning round. Rear-view mirrors almost never come with a new bicycle and require an additional purchase.
By 1956, theCivil Aeronautics Administration had approved a rear-view mirror for light aircraft.[20] They also predicted periscopes in larger aircraft.[20] Fighter aircraft usually have one or more rear-view mirrors mounted on the front canopy frame to watch out for chasing aircraft.[citation needed]
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