Joseph B. Soloveitchik | |
|---|---|
 Official photograph fromYeshiva University | |
| Title | The Rav |
| Personal life | |
| Born | February 27, 1903 12 Adar 5663 |
| Died | April 9, 1993(1993-04-09) (aged 90) |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse | Tonya Lewit, Ph.D. (1904-1967) |
| Parent(s) | Moshe Soloveichik and Peshka Feinstein Soloveichik |
| Signature |  |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Denomination | Orthodox Judaism |
| Position | Rosh yeshiva |
| Yeshiva | |
| Yahrtzeit | 18 Nissan 5753 |
| Buried | Beth El Cemetery, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA |
| Dynasty | Soloveitchik dynasty |
Joseph Ber Soloveitchik (Hebrew:יוסף דב הלוי סולובייצ׳יקYosef Dov ha-Levi Soloveychik; February 27, 1903 – April 9, 1993) was a majorAmericanOrthodoxrabbi,Talmudist, and modernJewish philosopher. He was a scion of theLithuanian JewishSoloveitchik rabbinic dynasty.
As arosh yeshiva ofRabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS) atYeshiva University inNew York City,The Rav,[1] as he was known,ordained close to 2,000 rabbis over the course of almost half a century.[2] Some Rabbinic literature, such asseferShiurei HaGrid,[3] refers to him asהגרי"ד, short for "The great Rabbi Yosef Dov".
He is regarded as a seminal figure byModern Orthodox Judaism[4] and served as a guide and role-model for tens of thousands of Jews, both as a Talmudic scholar and as a religious leader.
Joseph Ber Soloveitchik was born on February 27, 1903, inPruzhany,Imperial Russia (laterPoland, nowBelarus). He came from a rabbinical dynasty dating back some 200 years: His paternal grandfather wasChaim Soloveitchik, and his great-grandfather and namesake wasYosef Dov Soloveitchik, theBeis HaLevi. His great-great-grandfather wasNaftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin (The Netziv), and his great-great-great-great grandfather wasChaim Volozhin. His father,Moshe Soloveichik (note different spelling of last name), preceded him as head of theRIETS rabbinical school at Yeshiva University.On his maternal line, Soloveitchik was a grandson ofEliyahu Feinstein and his wife Guta Feinstein, née Davidovitch, who, in turn, was a descendant of a long line of Kapulyan rabbis, and of theTosafot Yom Tov, theShelah, theMaharshal, andRashi. Rabbi Soloveitchik's mother, Pesha, was a first cousin ofRav Moshe Feinstein.
Soloveitchik was educated in the traditional manner at aTalmud Torah, an elementaryyeshiva, and by private tutors, as his parents realized his great mental prowess. According to acurriculum vitae written and signed in his own hand,[5] in 1922, he graduated from the liberal arts "Gymnasium" inDubno. In 1924, he entered theFree Polish University inWarsaw, where he spent three terms, studying political science. In 1926, he came toBerlin,Germany, and entered theFriedrich Wilhelm University. He passed the examination for supplementary subjects at the German Institute for Studies by Foreigners, and was then given full matriculation at the University. He took up studies in philosophy, economics, and Hebrew subjects, simultaneously maintaining a rigorous schedule of intensiveTalmud study.
According to the CV, among his "highly honored" teachers in university, bearing the title "Geheimrat" (literally:Privy Counselor), wereHeinrich Maier and ProfessorMax Dessoir, along withEugen Mittwoch and Professor Ludwig Bernhard]. He studied the work of European philosophers, and was a life-long student ofneo-Kantian thought.
He wrote his Ph.D. thesis on theepistemology andmetaphysics of the German philosopherHermann Cohen.Contrary to most biographies, which erroneously state that in 1931, he received his degree, he actually passed his oral doctor's examination on July 24, 1930, but graduated with a doctorate only on December 19, 1932, as he had requested an extension to allow him to expand his thesis. Documents exist to support this assertion, located byMarc B. Shapiro in the University of Berlin archives.[6]
In 1931, he married Tonya Lewit (1904-1967), who had earned a Ph.D. in Education fromJena University.Chaim Ozer Grodzinski officiated at their wedding inVilna.
During his years in Berlin, Soloveitchik became a close disciple ofChaim Heller,[7] who had established an institute for advanced Jewish Studies from an Orthodox perspective in the city. He also made the acquaintance of other young scholars pursuing a similar path to his own. One such figure wasYitzchak Hutner, who would become the rosh yeshiva of theYeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, also inBrooklyn,New York. Both of them developed a system of thought that bridged theEastern European way of traditional scholarship with the new forces ofmodernity in theWestern World. Among the other personalities with whom he came into contact were theLubavitcher Rebbe, ProfessorAlexander Altmann,Yehiel Yaakov Weinberg, Rector of theHildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary, and ProfessorYeshayahu Leibowitz.
In 1932, Soloveitchik emigrated to America and settled in Boston, where he referred to himself as "The Soloveitchik of Boston." In that year, he opened a yeshiva known as Heichal Rabbeinu Chaim HaLevi or the Boston Yeshivah. Initially it mainly served lay people and their children, but starting in 1939 it was augmented by advanced students and staff who had fled the outbreak ofWorld War II in Europe.[8]
Soloveitchik pioneered theMaimonides School, one of the firstHebrew day schools inBoston in 1937.[9] When the school's high school was founded in the late 1940s, he instituted a number of innovations in the curriculum, including teaching Talmud to boys and girls studying in classes together. He involved himself in all manner of religious issues in the Boston area. He was at times both a rabbinical supervisor ofkosher slaughtering -shechita - and an educator, gladly accepting invitations to lecture in Jewish and religious philosophy at prestigiousNew England colleges and universities. Rabbi Soloveitchik was also the head of Boston's Council of Orthodox Synagogues (also called the Vaad Ha'ir).[10] His son-in-law,Isadore Twersky, was an internationally renowned expert on the writings of Maimonides, and succeeded ProfessorHarry Austryn Wolfson to the Nathan Littauer chair of Jewish History and Literature atHarvard University.[11]
Soloveitchik succeeded his father, Moses (Moshe) Soloveichik, as the head of the RIETS rabbinical school at Yeshiva University in 1941. He taught there until 1986, when illness kept him from continuing, and was considered the topRosh Yeshiva (never, however, a formally recognized position at YU) from the time he began teaching there until his death in 1993. He was the first occupant of theLeib Merkin Distinguished Professorial Chair in Talmud and Jewish Philosophy at RIETS.
He ordained over 2,000 rabbis, many of whom are among the leaders of Orthodox Judaism and the Jewish people today. In addition, he gave public lectures that were attended by thousands from throughout the greater Jewish community, as well as regular classes at other New York institutions.
Soloveitchik advocated more intensive textualTorah study for Jewish women at theStern College for Women, giving the first class in Talmud inaugurated at Stern College. He attracted and inspired many young men and women to become spiritual leaders and educators in Jewish communities worldwide. They, in turn, went out with the education of Yeshiva University to head synagogues, schools, and communities, where they continue to influence many Jews to remain - or become - committed to Orthodoxy and observance.Meir Kahane was highly influenced by his lectures.[12]
During his tenure at Yeshiva University, in addition to his Talmudic lectures, Soloveitchik deepened the system of "synthesis" whereby the best of religious Torah scholarship would be combined with the best secular scholarship in Western civilization.[citation needed] This later became known as theTorah Umadda - "Torah and secular wisdom" philosophy- the motto of Yeshiva University.
However, RavAhron Soloveichik disputes this claim, saying: "That the Rav had a positive attitude toward worldly wisdom is beyond question. The same positive attitude towards worldly wisdom was expressed by all the Gedolei Yisrael from Rav Saadia Gaon up to the Gaon of Vilna. A talmid of the G'ra[a] says in the translation of the Euclidean geometry that the G'ra had said 'Ka'asher yechsar lo I'Adam yad achat b'Chochmat haolam kein yechseru lo meah yados baTorah.' If a person is deficient in worldly wisdom he will inescapably be deficient in one hundred measures in Torah wisdom. However, there is a great divergence between having a positive attitude towards worldly wisdom and being committed to mada. Being committed to mada implies a belief that mada is an ikar in life. My brother did not consider mada as an ikar in Yahadut. As a matter of fact my brother never in his lectures mentioned the expression Torah Umada; nor did he ever mention in his essays Ish Hahalacha and Ish Emunah. If anyone who has a positive attitude towards worldly wisdom tries to synthesize Torah with philosophy then Rav Saadiah Gaon, the Chovat Halevavot and the Rambam and the Gaon of Vilna were also attempting to synthesize the Torah with philosophy. Obviously such an allegation would reflect chutzpah and foolish nonsense."[13] He argues that the Rav used his worldly knowledge to enhance his Torah and his teaching, but did not agree that Mada was Ikar that must be synthesized with Torah. (See below "Debate over world view" under "Other views and controversy" for more on this issue.)
Through public lectures, writings, and Soloveitchik's policy decisions for the Modern Orthodox world, he strengthened the intellectual and ideological framework of Modern Orthodoxy.
In his major non-Talmudic publications, which altered the landscape ofJewish philosophy andJewish theology, Soloveitchik stresses the normative and intellectual centrality of thehalakhic corpus. He authored a number of essays and books offering a unique synthesis of neo-Kantianexistentialism and Jewish thought, the most well-known beingThe Lonely Man of Faith which deals with issues such as the willingness to stand alone in the face of monumental challenges, andHalakhic Man.[14][15]A less known essay, though not less important, is "The Halakhic Mind - An essay on Jewish tradition and modern thought,"[16] written in 1944 and published only 40 years later, without any change, as the author himself stresses.
InThe Lonely Man of Faith, Soloveitchik reads the first two chapters ofGenesis as a contrast in the nature of the human being and identifies two human types: Adam I, or "majestic man," who employs his creative faculties in order to master his environment; and Adam II, or "covenantal man," who surrenders himself in submission to his Master. Soloveitchik describes how the man of faith integrates both of these aspects.
In the first chapter,Adam I is created together with Eve, and they are given the mandate to subdue nature, master the cosmos, and transform the world "into a domain for their power and sovereignty." Adam I ismajestic man who approaches the world and relationships—even with the divine—in functional, pragmatic terms. Adam I, created in the image of God, fulfills this apparently "secular" mandate by conquering the universe, imposing his knowledge, technology, and cultural institutions upon the world. The human community depicted in Genesis 1 is a utilitarian one, where man and woman join together, like the male and female of other animals, to further the ends of their species.
In chapter two of Genesis,Adam II, on the other hand represents the lonely man of faith - bringing a "redemptive interpretation to the meaning of existence." Adam II does not subdue the garden, but rather tills it and preserves it. This type of human being is introduced by the words, "It is not good for man to be alone" - and through his sacrifice (of a metaphoric rib), he gains companionship and the relief of his existential loneliness - this covenantal community requires the participation of the Divine.
InHalakhic Man, Soloveitchik propounds the centrality of halakha inJewish thought. His theological outlook is distinguished by a consistent focus on halakha, i. e., the fulfillment and study of the divine law. He presents the halakha as thea priori basis for religious practice and for the theological foundation for Jewish thought. Soloveitchik emphasizes halakha's "this-worldly, here-and-now grounding," as opposed to religious approaches that focus on the nature of the transcendent realm. This work argues that Jewish piety does not, therefore, fit familiar models of Westernreligiosity, and presents aphenomenology of this religious type. Here, "Halakhic man," as a result of hisstudy of Torah and his observance of thecommandments, develops a set of coherent attitudes towardsintellectual activity,asceticism, death,esotericism,mysticism, creativity,repentance, andprovidence. He also underscores the necessity for individual self-creation as the divinely assigned task of the human being.
Halakhic Man has become well read in the Orthodox Jewish community, but its psychology and model of Jewish law was rejected by most of non-Orthodox Judaism; one of the most prominent critiques is fromAbraham Joshua Heschel, who wrote:
Ish Ha-halakhah? Lo haya velo nivra ela mashal haya! [Halakhic Man? Such a Jew has never existed!] Soloveitchik's study, though brilliant, is based on the false notion that Judaism is a cold, logical affair with no room for piety. After all, the Torah does say 'Love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and soul and might'. No, there never was such a typology in Judaism as the halakhic man. There was - and is - an Ish Torah[Torah man] who combines halakhah and aggadah, but that is another matter altogether. When I came to Berlin I was shocked to hear my fellow students talking about the problem of halakha as a central issue. In Poland it had been a foreign expression to me. Halakhah is not an all-inclusive term, and to use it as such is to restrict Judaism. 'Torah' is the more comprehensive word.[17]
Halakhic Mind is a four-part analysis of the historical correlation between science and philosophy. Only in its fourth and last part does the author introduce the consequences on the Halakha of the analysis performed in the previous three parts.
Despite their religious disagreements, Soloveitchik was proud of his connections to the Soloveitchik rabbinic dynasty, speaking fondly of his "uncle"Yitzchak Zev Soloveitchik (the "Brisker Rov"). To his relatives and namesakes who now lived inJerusalem, where they had established their own branch of theBrisk Yeshiva, he was respected for his genius in Talmudic scholarship which few could challenge or disparage, despite their very differing views onZionism (the "Briskers" in Jerusalem being staunch anti-Zionists). See the paragraph on "Zionism" below for a discussion of Soloveitchik's Zionist viewpoint.Recent research published by Shlomo Pick indicates that his father Moshe Soloveitchik maintained a close relationship withReligious Zionist (Mizrachi) circles inWarsaw, prior to the father's departure for Yeshiva University and the son's departure for theUniversity of Berlin in 1923.[citation needed]
After Soloveitchik left Agudath Israel, the organization's leadership was mostly quiet when it came to public statements involving Soloveitchik.Moshe Feinstein, who was Soloveitchik's cousin, maintained very warm and profoundly respectful relations with him. They corresponded and spoke (at least) on the eve of every Jewish holiday.Yitzchak Hutner referred to him as a "gadol" (a foremost Torah scholar of the time).[18]Aaron Kotler, whose public policy in relation to American Jewry was far more right-wing than Soloveitchik's, was introduced by Soloveitchik at a Chinuch Atzmai dinner,[19] and this later became famous as an instance of unity among the Orthodox leadership. Agudath Israel's mouthpiece, theJewish Observer, also mentioned Soloveitchik as one of the greatest rabbis of the generation when detailing a cable which was sent by various leading Rabbis to former Israeli Prime MinisterLevi Eshkol requesting the government to put a stop to Christian missionary activity in Israel. In May 1993,Nisson Wolpin penned an obituary for Soloveitchik in theJewish Observer.[20] The article was criticized for being a mere page long as instead of theJewish Observer's usually comparatively long obituaries, for the obituary not being mentioned in the table of contents, and portraying Soloveitchik as not clarifying his views enough.Moshe David Tendler, a son-in-law of Moshe Feinstein, wrote a scathing attack on Wolpin's piece, which was published both in The Community Synagogue of Monsey's newsletter and theAlgemeiner Journal.[21]
Soloveitchik did not sign Feinstein's proposed ban on interfaith dialogue. Instead, he published a path-breaking essay expounding his views on the subject, entitled "Confrontation." He also did not sign the ban by America's foremost rabbis against participating in the Synagogue Council of America. It has been debated whether his refusal to sign was because he believed in participating in the SCA, or because he was not happy with the way the ban was instituted.[22]
Despite the Agudah's comparative silence on Soloveitchik and his stances, theJewish Observer has often criticized theRabbinical Council of America in which he served and his more modern students, including RabbiNorman Lamm,[23]Shlomo Riskin[24] and Lawrence Kaplan.[25]
Herschel Schacter,Sholem Kowalsky,[26][27]Julius Berman;Menachem Genack, andFabian Schoenfeld[28] (all students of Soloveitchik) have asserted thatMenachem Mendel Schneerson and Soloveitchik met for the first time while they both studied in Berlin. Soloveitchik told Kowalsky he "was a great admirer of the Rebbe."[29] Schoenfeld quoted Soloveitchik as having told him that when he was studying at the University of Berlin, "I can testify that [Schneerson] never missed going to the mikva one single day."[30]In 1964, Soloveitchik paid a lengthy visit while Schneerson was mourning the death of his mother. Their conversation during this visit lasted approximately two hours. Soloveitchik later visited again following the death of Schneerson's mother-in-law.[31]In 1980, accompanied by his studentHerschel Schacter, Soloveitchik visited Schneerson at Chabad headquarters in Brooklyn on the occasion of a celebration marking the 30th anniversary of his leadership. The visit lasted close to two hours after which Soloveitchik told Schacter his opinion of Schneerson: "He is a gaon (genius), he is a great one, he is a leader of Israel."[32]
Many of Soloveitchik's students became leaders in theModern Orthodox community. These students tend to espouse very distinct world views.
One of the mosticonoclastic isDavid Hartman of Jerusalem, whose support forpluralism has gained him serious backing in non-Orthodox streams and who has brought Soloveitchik's thinking to the non-Orthodox. The institution he founded, theShalom Hartman Institute, is a home for serious thinkers from Orthodoxy, Conservative/Masorti, Reform and even secular scholars, and trains hundreds of Jewish community leaders annually.Avi Weiss andSaul Berman, who represent liberal Modern Orthodox institutions such asYeshivat Chovevei Torah andEdah, are somewhat further to the right ofIrving Greenberg, Riskin and Hartman,[citation needed] but still very liberal in comparison to most Orthodox thinkers (Weiss has classified this approach as "Open Orthodoxy").
Many students of Soloveitchik represent a centrist approach to Modern Orthodoxy (which Lamm has coined "Centrist Orthodoxy") such as RabbisAharon Lichtenstein,Benjamin Blech,Henry Hoschander, Lawrence Kaplan, andNorman Lamm. TheTorah UMadda Journal,Tradition magazine, theRabbinical Council of America,Efrat,Yeshiva University,Bnei Akiva, theOrthodox Union, and various post-high school yeshivot and seminaries in Israel (i.e.Yeshivat Hakotel andYeshivat Har Etzion) are largely, if not mostly (but almost never monolithically) populated by "Centrist Orthodox" Jews.
Further to the right in the spectrum of Orthodoxy lie Rabbis Yehuda Parnes and Abba Bronspiegel, both of whom resigned from teaching positions in Yeshiva University to join right-wing alternativeLander College. A few of Soloveitchik students identify themselves and Soloveitchik's teachings with theHaredi world, such asMoshe Meiselman, Soloveitchik's nephew andRosh Yeshiva ofYeshiva Toras Moshe inJerusalem;Mosheh Twersky, one of Soloveitchik's grandchildren and a teacher at Toras Moshe;Michel Shurkin, also a teacher at Toras Moshe. And Rabbi Chaim Ilson who had a Yeshiva called Yeshivas Derech Hatalmud.[33]
Since his death, interpretations of Soloveitchik's beliefs have become a matter of ongoing debate, somewhat analogous to the long-standing debate aboutSamson Raphael Hirsch. SomeHaredim and some on the right wing ofModern Orthodoxy believe that Hirsch only wanted Jews to combine an observant Jewish lifestyle with learning the surrounding gentile society's language, history, and science, so that a religious Jew could operate in the surrounding secular society. However, this is not a universally held opinion among right-wing Orthodox Jews (see, for example, the writings ofShimon Schwab and the biography of Hirsch byEliyahu Klugman). Similarly, some scholars of Soloveitchik's philosophy maintain that an eclectic pragmatic approach was adopted by Soloveitchik as well. According to this view, Soloveitchik did not approve of Jews learning secular philosophy, music, art, literature or ethics, unless it was for purposes of obtaining a livelihood or outreach.
In contrast, liberal leaning scholars believe that this understanding of Soloveitchik's philosophy is misguided. This issue has been discussed in many articles inTradition: A Journal of Orthodox Thought, published by theRabbinical Council of America.[citation needed] According to this view, Soloveitchik believed that it was permissible for Jews to learn secular philosophy, music, art, literature and ethics for their own sake and encouraged this.[citation needed]
ProfessorYitzhak Twersky, a son-in-law of The Rav, pointed out in a eulogy published in the journalTradition in 1996 that Soloveitchik's philosophy could be paraphrased as follows: "When you know your [Jewish] Way—your point of departure and goals—then use philosophy, science and the humanities to illumine your exposition, sharpen your categories, probe the profundities and subtleties of themasorah and reveal its charm and majesty; in so doing you should be able to command respect from the alienated and communicate with some who might otherwise be hostile or indifferent to your teaching as well as to increase the sensitivity and spirituality of the committed."[34]
Soloveitchik stated that although he felt that he successfully transmitted the facts and laws of Judaism to his students, he felt that he failed in transmitting the experience of living an authentic Jewish life. He stated that many of his students "act like children, and experience religion like children. This is why they accept all types of fanaticism and superstition. Sometimes, they are even ready to do things that border on the immoral. They lack the experiential component of religion, and simply substitute obscurantism for it ... After all, I come from the ghetto. Yet, I have never seen so much naïve and uncritical commitment to people and to ideas as I see in America ... All extremism, fanaticism, and obscurantism come from a lack of security. A person who is secure cannot be an extremist." (A Reader's Companion to Ish Ha-Halakhah: Introductory Section, David Shatz, Yeshiva University, Joseph B. Soloveitchik Institute).
Shortly after Soloveitchik's passing, Lamm, in a eulogy for Soloveitchik delivered on April 25, 1993, urged his audience to "guard ... against any revisionism, any attempts to misinterpret the Rav's work in both worlds [the world of Torah and the world of Madda(Science)]. The Rav was not a lamdan who happened to have and use a smattering of general culture, and he was certainly not a philosopher who happened to be a talmid hakham, a Torah scholar ... We must accept him on his terms, as a highly complicated, profound, and broad-minded personality ... Certain burgeoning revisionisms may well attempt to disguise and distort the Rav's uniqueness by trivializing one or the other aspect of his rich personality and work, but they must be confronted at once." (Lawrence KaplanRevisionism and the Rav: The Struggle for the Soul of Modern Orthodoxy, Judaism, Summer, 1999).
Soloveitchik was a life-long critic of all forms of non-Orthodox Judaism, includingReform Judaism andConservative Judaism. He believed that these denominations were in significant error where they differed from Orthodox Judaism. He compared religious dialogue with Reform and Conservative leaders to dialogue betweenPharisees andKaraites, considering it ridiculous. One of the major differences was in regard to the mixed seating in the synagogue. Consistent with the traditional rabbinic understanding of this issue, Soloveitchik ruled that it was forbidden to pray in a synagogue without a separation between the sexes (mi-d'orayta, a Pentateuchal prohibition), and without the use of amechitza, a divider between the men's and women's sections (mi-derabbenan, a rabbinical prohibition).[35] The effect of this was to prohibit prayer in any Reform synagogue and in many Conservative synagogues. Hisresponsum on this question was also directed at the small number of Orthodox synagogues that were adopting mixed-sex seating. He was vociferous on this issue.Soloveitchik believed that Reform and Conservative rabbis did not have proper training in halakha and Jewish theology, and that due to their decisions and actions, they could not be considered rabbis, as Orthodox Jews traditionally understood the term. However, in practice, he sometimes granted non-Orthodox rabbis some degree of validity with respect to communal affairs (see examples below).
Soloveitchik developed the idea that Jews have historically been linked together by two distinct covenants. One is thebrit yi'ud, "covenant of destiny," which is the covenant by which Jews are bound together through their adherence to halakha. The second is thebrit goral, "covenant of fate," the desire and willingness to be part of a people chosen by God to live a sacred mission in the world, and the fact that all those who live in this covenant share the same fate of persecution and oppression, even if they do not live by halakha. Soloveitchik held that non-Orthodox Jews were in violation of the covenant of destiny, yet they are still bound together with Orthodox Jews in the covenant of fate.
In 1954 Soloveitchik issued a responsum on working with non-Orthodox Jews,Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Jews in the United States: Second article in a series on Responsa of Orthodox Judaism in the United States. The responsum recognized the leadership of non-Orthodox Jews in Jewish communal institutions (but not their rabbis in the Orthodox sense of the term), and concluded that participation with non-Orthodox Jews for political or welfare purposes is not only permissible, but obligatory.
TheCouncil of Torah Sages of Agudath Yisroel countered with a ruling that such cooperation with non-Orthodox Jews was equivalent to endorsement of non-Orthodox Judaism, and thus was forbidden. In 1956 manyYeshiva leaders, including two rabbis from his ownYeshiva University, signed and issued a proclamation forbidding any rabbinical alumni of their yeshivot from joining with Reform or Conservative rabbis in professional organizations.
Soloveitchik declined to sign the proclamation, maintaining that there were areas, particularly those relating to problems that threatened all ofJudaism, that required co-operation regardless of affiliation. His refusal emboldened other Modern Orthodox rabbis, and theRabbinical Council of America and Union of Orthodox Congregations then joined theSynagogue Council of America, a group in which Orthodox, Reform and Conservative denominations worked together on common issues. (The Synagogue Council of America ceased operating in 1994.)
In the 1950s Soloveitchik andSaul Lieberman, in parallel with other members of theRabbinical Council of America and Conservative Judaism'sRabbinical Assembly, engaged in a series of private negotiations; their objective was to found a joint Orthodox-Conservativebeth din that would be a national rabbinic court for all Jews in America; it would supervise communal standards of marriage and divorce. It was to be modeled after the IsraeliChief Rabbinate, with only Orthodox judges, but with the expectation that it would be accepted by the larger Conservative movement as legitimate. Conservative rabbis in theRabbinical Assembly formed aJoint Conference on Jewish Law and devoted a year to the effort.
For a number of reasons, the project did not succeed. According to Orthodox Rabbi Bernstein, the major reason for its failure was that the Orthodox rabbis insisted that the Conservative Rabbinical Assembly expel some Conservative rabbis for actions they took before the new Beit Din was formed, and the RA refused to do so (Bernstein, 1977). According to Orthodox RabbiEmanuel Rackman, former president of the RCA, the major reason for its failure was pressure from right-wing Orthodox rabbis, who held that any cooperation between Orthodoxy and Conservatism was forbidden. In an account prepared in 1956, RabbiHarry Halpern of the Rabbinical Assembly'sJoint Conference wrote that negotiations between the Orthodox and Conservative were completed and agreed upon, but then a new requirement was demanded by the RCA: that the RA "impose severe sanctions" upon Conservative rabbis for actions they took before the new beth din was formed. The RA "could not assent to rigorously disciplining our members at the behest of an outside group." Per Halpern, subsequent efforts were made to cooperate with the Orthodox, but a letter from elevenRosh Yeshivas was circulated declaring that Orthodox rabbis were forbidden to cooperate with Conservative rabbis (Proceedings of the CJLS of the Conservative Movement 1927-1970 Vol. II, pp. 850–852).
Until the 1950s, Jews of all denominations were generally allowed to use the same communalmikvaot (ritual baths) for the purposes of converting to Judaism, observing the rules ofniddah in regard to laws of marital purity, ritually cleansing dishes, etc. However the Haredi movement increasingly denied the use of mikvaot to non-Orthodox rabbis for use in conversions. According toWalter Wurzburger, Soloveitchik counselled Orthodox rabbis against this practice, insisting that non-Orthodox have the option to use mikvaot (Wurzburger, 1994).
Soloveitchik was the pre-eminent leader of politically conscious pro-Zionist modern Orthodox Judaism. Out of respect for his stature, many leaders and politicians fromIsrael sought his advice and blessings in state affairs. Reputedly, he was offered the position ofChief Rabbi of Israel by Prime Minister Ben Gurion but quietly declined. Despite his open and ardent support for the modernState of Israel, he only visited Israel once, in 1935, before the modern state was established.Yosef Blau has written that Soloveitchik's non-messianic Zionism was philosophically similar to that ofYitzchak Yaacov Reines (seeTradition 33.2, Communications).
On Yom ha-Atzma'ut (Israel's Independence Day), 1956, Soloveitchik delivered a public address at Yeshiva University entitled, "Kol Dodi Dofek; The Voice of My Beloved Knocks." The address, which has become a classic of religious Zionist philosophy, enumerates and elaborates upon the instances of God's tangible presence in the recent history of the Jewish people and the State of Israel. It also issues a clarion call to American Orthodoxy to embrace the State of Israel, and to commit itself and its resources to its development.
In his early career in America, Soloveitchik joined with the traditional movements such asAgudath Israel of America and theAgudat Harabanim - theUnion of Orthodox Rabbis of North America. In fact, Soloveitchik was on the first Moetzes Chachmei HaTorah of America.[36] However, he later removed himself from the former organizations, and instead joined with theMizrachiReligious Zionists of America (RZA) and became Chairman of the centristOrthodoxRabbinical Council of America's (RCA) Halakhah Commission (the other two members are the time were RabbisChaim Heller andSamuel Belkin).
During the 1950s and 1960s, until his wife's death in 1967, Soloveitchik and some of his students would spend summers nearCape Cod inOnset, Massachusetts, where they would pray atCongregation Beth Israel.[37]
After the passing of his wife in 1967, Soloveitchik began giving additional lectures, open to the public, during the summer months in Boston.
Soloveitchik's daughters married prominent academics and Talmudic scholars: his daughter Tovah marriedAharon Lichtenstein, formerRosh Yeshiva atRIETS who madeAliyah to becomeRosh Yeshiva ofYeshivat Har Etzion in Israel; his daughter Atarah (died February 24, 2023)[38] marriedIsadore Twersky, former head of the Jewish Studies department atHarvard University (who also served as theTalnerRebbe inBoston). His sonHaym Soloveitchik is a University Professor of Jewish History atYeshiva University. His siblings includedSamuel Soloveichik (1909-1967),Ahron Soloveichik (1917-2001),Shulamith Meiselman (1912-2009), andAnne Gerber (1915-2011). His grandchildren have maintained his heritage and also hold distinguished scholarly positions, such asMosheh Lichtenstein,Yitzchok Lichtenstein,Esti Rosenberg andMayer Twersky.[39][40][41][42]
As he got older he suffered several bouts of serious illness (Alzheimer's disease[43] preceded byParkinson's disease).
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Meir had great love and admiration for Rabbi Joseph Dov Soloveitchik of Yeshiva University and went to hear his lectures from time to time, especially his famous memorial lectures.
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