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Peter Struve

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromPyotr Berngardovich Struve)
Russian political economist and philosopher (1870–1944)

Peter Struve
Struve between 1890 and 1910
Born7 February [O.S. 26 January] 1870
Died22 February 1944(1944-02-22) (aged 74)
Education
Alma materSaint Petersburg State University
Philosophical work
EraContemporary philosophy
RegionRussian philosophy
SchoolMarxism,nationalism,liberalism,conservative liberalism
Main interestsRussian nationalism,All-Russian nation,pan-Slavism,Legal Marxism,anti-communism
Notable ideasLegal Marxism,Russian nationalism,anti-Sovietism

Peter (orPyotr orPetr)Berngardovich Struve (Russian:Пётр Бернга́рдович Стру́ве,IPA:[pʲɵtrbʲɪrnˈɡardəvʲɪtɕˈstruvʲɪ]; 7 February [O.S. 26 January] 1870 – 22 February 1944) was a Russianpolitical economist,philosopher,historian andeditor. He started his career as aMarxist, later became aliberal and after theBolshevik Revolution, joined theWhite movement. From 1920, he lived inexile inParis, where he was a prominent critic ofRussian communism.

Biography

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Marxist theoretician

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Peter Struve is probably the best known member of the Russian branch of theStruve family. Son of Bernhard Struve (Astrakhan and laterPerm governor) and grandson of astronomerFriedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, he entered theNatural Sciences Department of theUniversity of Saint Petersburg in 1889 and transferred to itslaw school in 1890. While there, he became interested inMarxism, attended Marxist andnarodniki (populist) meetings (where he met his future opponentVladimir Lenin) and wrote articles for legally published magazines—hence the termLegal Marxism, whose chief proponent he became. In September 1893 Struve was hired by the Finance Ministry and worked in its library, but was fired on 1 June 1894 after an arrest and a brief detention in April–May of that year. In 1894, he also published his first major book,Kriticheskie zametki k voprosu ob ekonomicheskom razvitii Rossii (Critical Notes on the Economic Development of Russia) in which he defended the applicability of Marxism to Russian conditions against populist critics.

In 1895, Struve finished his degree and wrote anOpen letter toNicholas II on behalf of theZemstvo. He then went abroad for further studies, where he attended the1896 International Socialist Congress in London and befriended famous Russian revolutionary exileVera Zasulich.[1]

After returning to Russia Struve became one of the editors of the successive Legal Marxist magazinesNovoye Slovo (The New Word, 1897),Nachalo (The Beginning, 1899) andZhizn (1899–1901). Struve was also the most popular speaker at the Legal Marxist debates at theFree Economic Society in the late 1890s—early 1900s in spite of his often impenetrable-to-laymen arguments and unkempt appearance.[2] In 1898 Struve wrote theManifesto of the newly formedRussian Social Democratic Labour Party. However, as he later explained:

Socialism, to tell the truth, never aroused the slightest emotion in me, still less attraction... Socialism interested me mainly as an ideological force – which... could be directed either to the conquest of civil and political freedoms or against them[3]

Leaving Socialism

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Struve as a member ofState Duma

By 1900, Struve had become a leader of therevisionist, i.e. compromising, wing of Russian Marxists. Struve andMikhail Tugan-Baranovsky represented the moderates during the negotiations withJulius Martov,Alexander Potresov andVladimir Lenin, the leaders of the party's radical wing, inPskov in March 1900. In late 1900, Struve went toMunich and again held lengthy talks with the radicals between December 1900 and February 1901. The two sides eventually reached a compromise which included making Struve the editor ofSovremennoe Obozrenie (Contemporary Review), a proposed supplement to the radicals' magazineZaria (Dawn), in exchange for his help in securing financial support from Russian liberals. The plan was frustrated by Struve's arrest at the famousKazan Square demonstration on 4 March 1901 immediately upon his return toRussia. Struve was banished from the capital and, like other demonstrators, was offered to choose his own place of exile. He choseTver, a center ofZemstvo radicalism.[4]

In 1902 Struve secretly left Tver and went abroad, but by then the radicals had abandoned the idea of a joint magazine and Struve's further evolution from socialism to liberalism would have made collaboration difficult anyway. Instead he founded an independent liberal semi-monthly magazineOsvobozhdenie (Liberation) with the help of liberalintelligentsia and the radical part of Zemstvo. The magazine was financed by D. E. Zhukovsky and was at first published inStuttgart,Germany (1 July 1902 – 15 October 1904). In mid-1903, after the founding of the liberalSoyuz Osvobozhdeniya (Union of Liberation), the magazine became the Union's official organ and was smuggled into Russia, where it enjoyed considerable success.[5] When German police, under pressure fromOkhrana, raided the premises in October 1904, Struve moved his operations toParis and continued publishing the magazine for another year (15 October 1904 – 18 October 1905) until theOctober Manifesto proclaimed freedom of the press in Russia.[6]

Liberal Politician

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Struve, third from the left, and three other Kadet members of the Second Duma

In October 1905 Struve returned to Russia, and became a co-founder of the liberalConstitutional Democratic party and a member of its Central Committee. In 1907 he represented the party in the SecondState Duma.

After the Duma's dissolution on 3 June 1907, Struve concentrated on his work atRusskaya Mysl (Russian Thought), a leading liberal newspaper, of which he had been publisher and de facto editor-in-chief since 1906.

Struve was the driving force behindVekhi (Milestones, 1909), a groundbreaking and controversial anthology of essays critical of the intelligentsia and its rationalistic and radical traditions. AsRusskaya Mysl editor, Struve rejectedAndrey Bely's seminal novelPetersburg, which he apparently saw as a parody of revolutionary intellectuals.[7]

With the outbreak ofWorld War I in 1914 Struve adopted a position of support for the government, and in 1916 he resigned from the Constitutional Democratic party's Central Committee over what he saw as the party's excessive opposition to the government in a time of war.[citation needed]

Opponent of Bolshevism

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In May 1917, after theFebruary Revolution of 1917 overthrewmonarchy in Russia, Struve was elected as member of theRussian Academy of Sciences, until he was excluded by theBolshevik-engineered expulsion of 1918.

Immediately after theOctober Revolution of 1917, Struve went to the South of Russia where he joined theVolunteer Army's Council.

In early 1918 he returned to Moscow, where he lived under an assumed name for most of the year, contributed toIz Glubiny (variously translated asDe Profundis,From the Deep orFrom the Depths, 1918[8]), a follow-up toVekhi, and published several other notable articles on the causes of the revolution.

With theRussian Civil War raging and his life in danger Struve had to flee; and after a three-month journey arrived inFinland, where he negotiated with generalNikolai Yudenich and theFinnish leaderCarl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim before leaving for Western Europe. Struve represented generalAnton Denikin's anti-Bolshevik government in Paris and London in 1919, before returning to Denikin-controlled territories in the South of Russia, where he edited a leading newspaper of theWhite Movement. With Denikin's resignation after theNovorossisk debacle and generalPyotr Wrangel's rise to the top in early 1920, Struve became foreign minister in Wrangel'sgovernment.[9]

With the defeat of Wrangel's army in November 1920 Struve left forBulgaria, where he relaunchedRusskaya Mysl under the aegis of the emigre "Russko-Bolgarskoe knigoizdatel'stvo" publishing house.[10] Then Struve left forParis, where he remained until his death in 1944.In Bulgaria, Struve left many followers in the field of economics, especially his students, who emigrated and took academic positions at Bulgarian universities (the most famous of which are Simeon Demostenov and Naum Dolinski).[11][12]

His children were prominent in theRussian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia.

Personal life

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Religion

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Struve's father wasRussian Orthodox while his mother wasLutheran. During his Marxist years Struve was areligious skeptic. Afterwards, he returned to Orthodoxy, maintaining a strongly individualistic view that was close toProtestantism.[13]

Descendants

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Peter Struve's sonGleb Struve (1898–1985) was one of the most prominent Russian critics of the 20th century. He taught at theUniversity of California, Berkeley and befriendedVladimir Nabokov in the 1920s.

Pyotr's grandson,Nikita Struve (1931–2016), was a professor at a Paris university and an editor of several Russian-language periodicals published in Europe.

Legacy

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HistorianBernard Pares said Struve was one Europe's most powerful thinkers.Harold Williams called him the greatest intellect he had ever met.[14]

Family tree

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Struve family tree
Jacob
(1755–1841)
Mathematician		Anton Sebastian
Carl
(1785–1838)
Philologist		Ernst
(1786–1822)		Gustav
(1788–1829)		Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm
(1793–1864)
Astronomer		Ludwig
(1795–1828)
Anatomist		Johann Christoph Gustav
(1763–1828)
Diplomat
Otto Wilhelm
(1819–1905)
Astronomer		Heinrich
(1822–1908)
Chemist		Berngard
(1827–1889)
Russian governor		Karl
(1835–1907)
Politician		Johann Ludwig
(1812–1898)		Gustav
(1805–1870)
Politician
Karl Hermann
(1854–1920)
Astronomer		Gustav Ludwig
(1858–1920)
Astronomer		Vasily Berngardovich
(1854–1912)
Mathematician		Peter Berngardovich
(1870–1944)
Revolutionary		Alexander
Berngardovich
Georg Hermann
(1886–1933)
Astronomer		Otto
(1897–1963)
Astronomer		Vasily Vasilevich
(1889–1965)
Historian		Gleb
(1898–1985)
Poet		Aleksey
(1899–1976)
Library founder
Wilfried
(1914–1992)
Astronomer		Nikita Alexeyevich
(1931–2016)
Author
Notes:

Works in English

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  • Collected Works in 15 volumes, ed.Richard Pipes, Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 1970
  • "Past and present of Russian economics" inRussian realities & problems: Lectures delivered at Cambridge in August 1916, byPavel Milyukov, Peter Struve,Harold Williams,Alexander Sergeyevich Lappo-Danilevsky andRoman Dmowski, Cambridge, University press, 1917, 229p.
  • "Foreword", inAlexander A. Valentinov.The assault of heaven; the black book containing official and other information illustrating the struggle against all religion carried by the Communist government in Russia, [Berlin, M. Mattisson, ltd., printer, 1924], xxiv, 266p.
  • Food Supply in Russia During the World War, Yale University Press, 1930, xxviii, 469p.
  • Struve, Gleb. “From Peter Struve’s Unpublished Correspondence.” The Russian Review 8, no. 1 (1949): 62–69.[15]

Articles

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  • “Russia.” The Slavonic Review 1, no. 1 (1922): 24–39.[16]
  • Struve, Peter, and B. P. “Ivan Aksakov.” The Slavonic Review 2, no. 6 (1924): 514–18.[17]
  • “Walter Scott and Russia.” The Slavonic and East European Review 11, no. 32 (1933): 397–410.[18]
  • “My Contacts with Rodichev.” The Slavonic and East European Review 12, no. 35 (1934): 347–67.[19]
  • “Prince A. D. Obolensky.” The Slavonic and East European Review 12, no. 35 (1934): 447–48.[20]
  • “My Contacts and Conflicts with Lenin: I.” The Slavonic and East European Review 12, no. 36 (1934): 573–95.[21]
  • “My Contacts and Conflicts with Lenin: II.” The Slavonic and East European Review 13, no. 37 (1934): 66–84.[22]
  • “Alexander Potresov.” The Slavonic and East European Review 13, no. 38 (1935): 434–35.[23]
  • “English Tissue-Printing in Russia: An Episode in Russian Economic History.” The Slavonic and East European Review 19, no. 53/54 (1939): 303–10.[24]

Works in Russian

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  • Sub'ektivism i idealizm (Subjectivism and Idealism), 1901, 267p.
  • Na raznye temy (On Various Topics), 1902, 555p.
  • Khozyaistvo i tsena (Enterprise and Price), in 2 volumes, 1913–1916.
  • Itogi i suschestvo kommunisticheskago khozyaistva (The End Results and the Essence of the Communist Enterprise), [1921], 30p.
  • Sotsial'naya i ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii (Social and Economic History of Russia), 1952, 386p.

See also

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Notes and references

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  1. ^Christian Rakovsky (1980)."An Autobiography", in Christian Rakovsky.Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923–30, ed. Gus Fagan, Allison & Busby, London & New York.ISBN 0-85031-379-1
  2. ^Yel. Kots."Kontrabandisty" (Vospominaniya) ("Contrabandists" ("Memoirs")), inByloye (Leningrad series), 1926, 3 (37), (magazine closed down in 1926, issues 2 and 3 remained unpublished until 1991),ISBN 5-289-01021-1 p. 43
  3. ^Slavonic and East European Review, vol. xxii, no. 34, p. 350, quoted in Alan Woods (1999)Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution, Wellred PublicationsISBN 1-900007-05-3Part One: The Birth of Russian MarxismArchived 28 August 2005 at theWayback Machine
  4. ^Shmuel Galai (1973).The Liberation Movement in Russia 1900–1905, Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-52647-7 p. 113.
  5. ^Leopold H. Haimson.The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past, Cambridge University Press, 1987,ISBN 0-521-26325-5 p.469.
  6. ^See the catalog of the Library of Congress (LCCN 52-56132 for publication details.
  7. ^Oleg A. Maslenikov.The Frenzied Poets, [Berkeley, University of California Press, 1952], p. 124, quoted in Arthur Levin (1978) "Andrey Bely, M. O. Gershenzon andVekhi: A Rejoinder to N. Valentinov" inAndrey Bely: A Critical Review, The University Press of Kentucky,ISBN 0-8131-1368-7 p. 178
  8. ^Since the book was printed illegally and its distribution history is obscure, there is some disagreement regarding its publishing history. Some e.g. Pedro Ramet (ed.) (1989)Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, Duke University Press.ISBN 0-8223-0891-6 p. 437 mention that the book was printed in 1921. It was reprinted by YMCA Press in Paris in 1967.
  9. ^W. Bruce Lincoln (1989).Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, 1918–1921, NY, Simon and Schuster.ISBN 0-306-80909-5 p.426
  10. ^Sergei Glebov (2003). "Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States" inRussian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States: Proceedings of a Conference in Honor of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bakhmeteff Archive of Russian and East European History and Culture (Slavic and East European Information Resources, Volume 4, Number 4 2003), eds. Jared S. Ingersoll and Tanya Chebotarev, The Haworth Press.ISBN 0-7890-2405-5 p. 29
  11. ^"Nenovsky, N., P. Pencjev (2018). The Austrian school in Bulgaria: A history, Russian Journal of Economics, 4(1): 44-64".Russian Journal of Economics.4 (1):44–64. 23 April 2018.doi:10.3897/j.ruje.4.26005.
  12. ^"Nenovsky, N., P. Pencjev // Between Carl Menger and Peter Struve: On Russian Liberal Economics, History of Economic Ideas, 2017, 25 (3): 11- 40".
  13. ^Richard Pipes.Sturve, Liberal on the Right, 1905-1944. p. 98-103.
  14. ^Pares, Bernard (1945)."Two Great Russian Liberals Peter Struve and Sergius Bulgakov".The Slavonic and East European Review.23 (62):141–145.JSTOR 4203667.
  15. ^Struve, Gleb (1949)."From Peter Struve's Unpublished Correspondence".The Russian Review.8 (1):62–69.doi:10.2307/125475.ISSN 0036-0341.JSTOR 125475.
  16. ^Struve, Peter (1922)."Russia".The Slavonic Review.1 (1):24–39.ISSN 1471-7816.JSTOR 4201584.
  17. ^Struve, Peter; P., B. (1924)."Ivan Aksakov".The Slavonic Review.2 (6):514–518.ISSN 1471-7816.JSTOR 4201775.
  18. ^Struve, Peter (1933)."Walter Scott and Russia".The Slavonic and East European Review.11 (32):397–410.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4202783.
  19. ^Struve, Peter (1934)."My Contacts with Rodichev".The Slavonic and East European Review.12 (35):347–367.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4202898.
  20. ^Struve, Peter (1934)."Prince A. D. Obolensky".The Slavonic and East European Review.12 (35):447–448.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4202906.
  21. ^Struve, Peter (1934)."My Contacts and Conflicts with Lenin: I".The Slavonic and East European Review.12 (36):573–595.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4202926.
  22. ^Struve, Peter (1934)."My Contacts and Conflicts with Lenin: II".The Slavonic and East European Review.13 (37):66–84.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4202959.
  23. ^Struve, Peter (1935)."Alexander Potresov".The Slavonic and East European Review.13 (38):434–435.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4203015.
  24. ^Struve, Peter (1939)."English Tissue-Printing in Russia: An Episode in Russian Economic History".The Slavonic and East European Review.19 (53/54):303–310.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4203600.

Further reading

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  • Richard Pipes.Struve:
    • Vol 1.Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905, Harvard University Press, 1970, xiii, 415p.ISBN 0-674-84595-1
    • Vol 2.Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944, Harvard University Press, 1980, xix, 526p.ISBN 0-674-84600-1
  • Richard Pipes.Bibliography of the published writings of Peter Berngardovich Struve (Bibliografiia pechatnykh rabot Petra Berngardovicha Struve), Ann Arbor, Mich., Published for Russian Research Center, Harvard University by University Microfilms International, 1980, 220p,ISBN 0-8357-0503-X
  • Richard Pipes. “Peter Struve and Ukrainian Nationalism.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3/4 (1979): 675–83.[1].
  • Borman, Arkady. “Peter Struve’s Escape from Soviet Russia.” The Russian Review 12, no. 1 (1953): 42–50.https://doi.org/10.2307/126004.
  • Dmitriev, Timofey. “Max Weber and Peter Struve on the Russian Revolution.” Studies in East European Thought 69, no. 4 (2017): 305–28.
  • S. L. Frank.Biografiya P. B. Struve, New York, 1956.
  • Geir Flikke. "Democracy or Theocracy: Frank, Struve, Berdjaev, Bulgakov, and the 1905 Russian Revolution".
  • Horowitz, Brian (2016), "Unity in "Landmarks" ("Vekhi")?: The Tensions between Petr Struve and Mikhail Gershenzon",Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie,13 (2):329–342,doi:10.17805/zpu.2016.2.29.
  • Pares, Bernard. “Two Great Russian Liberals Peter Struve and Sergius Bulgakov.” The Slavonic and East European Review 23, no. 62 (1945): 141–45.[2].
  • Putnam, George. “P. B. Struve’s View of the Russian Revolution of 1905.” The Slavonic and East European Review 45, no. 105 (1967): 457–73.[3].
  • Struve, Gleb. “From Peter Struve’s Unpublished Correspondence.” The Russian Review 8, no. 1 (1949): 62–69.[4].
  • West, James. “Philosophical Idealism and Utopian Capitalism: The ‘Vekhi’ Authors and the Riabushinskii Circle.” Russian History 38, no. 4 (2011): 493–513.
  • Williams, Harold. “Peter Struve.” The Slavonic Review 4, no. 10 (1925): 18–22.[5].

External links

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