Pu'er 普洱市 | |
|---|---|
 Simao Confucian Temple  Pu'er Grand Theatre  Red Flag Square  Daijia Alley  Inverted Roots Park  Shiping Guildhall | |
 Location of Pu'er City jurisdiction in Yunnan | |
  Pu'er Location of the city centre in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates (Simao District government):22°47′12″N100°58′38″E / 22.7868°N 100.9771°E /22.7868; 100.9771 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| GB/T 2260 CODE | 530800 |
| Admin HQ | Simao District |
| Admin units | |
| Area | |
• Total | 44,264.79 km2 (17,090.73 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,306 m (4,285 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 3,306 m (10,846 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 376 m (1,234 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
• Total | 2,542,898 |
| • Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Total | CN¥ 107.3 billion US$ 15.8 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 45,168 US$ 6,662 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 665000 |
| Area code | 0879 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-YN-08 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 云J |
| Website | www |
| Yunnan Statistics Bureau[3] Yunnan Portal[4] | |
| Pu'er City | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 普洱 | ||||||||
| Postal | Puerh | ||||||||
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| Simao | |||||||||
| Chinese | 思茅 | ||||||||
| Postal | Szumao | ||||||||
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Pu'er is aprefecture-level city in southernYunnan Province, China. Pu'er City governs 9 counties, 1 district, 103 townships (towns), and a total population of 2.65 million.[5] The urban administrative center of Pu'er isSimao District, which is also the former name of the prefecture-level city itself. A major downturn in the price of tea in 2007 caused severe economic distress in the area.[6] The price of Pu'er has since recovered andPu'er tea, a type ofdark tea, still contributes much to the income of the area.
Nanzhao set a division calledBu'ri Jian (步日瞼)[note 1] in 839 AD; this was the first time the region was integrated into the administrative system of a Chinese dynasty. In theYuan dynasty, the central government changed the name toPu'ri (普日) in 1278. Finally inMing dynasty, the name was changed to "Pu'er" (普耳) in 1384. The character of "er" (耳) was changed to 洱 inWanli Emperor period. The name "普洱" (Pu'er) has continued to be used to this day.[7]: 31 Wa scholar Ni-ga states that the original name "Bu'ri" is theexonym ofBlang people in Baraoke language, a dialect ofWa language, which means "my brother".[8]: 83
Pu'er tea has the name "Pu'er" because Pu'er was the distribution centre of the tea produced in the south-west of Yunnan during the Ming andQing dynasty.[9] Pu'er tea became world-famous, and the city Pu'er also became famous as a result of the tea.[10] The Yinsheng Festival was first established in the Nanzhao Kingdom of the Tang Dynasty. There were records of "Pu Tea" in the Ming Dynasty.
Its name was changed toSimao in 1950 following theCommunist victory in theChinese Civil War, while its surrounding county was known as Pu'er.[11] In 2007, the town's name was changed back to Pu'er; the surrounding area became known asNing'er County;[11] and the name Simao was taken by a town and district within the city. The change had an effect on the size of the officialPu'er tea production area, a major regional product.
Pu'er is located in southern/southwestern Yunnan, on the lower reaches of theMekong (known in Chinese as the Lancang), with the bordering prefectures beingYuxi to the northeast,Honghe to the east,Xishuangbanna to the south,Lincang to the northwest, andDali andChuxiong. It also shares borders withVietnam (Điện Biên Province),Laos (Phongsaly Province), andBurma (Shan State), being the only prefecture in Yunnan to border all three countries. As with much of the province, mountainous terrain dominates its administrative area, covering 98.3%. Elevations range from 376 to 3,306 metres (1,234 to 10,846 ft).[1]
Located at an altitude of above 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and within a degree south of theTropic of Cancer, Pu'er, as with much of southern Yunnan, has a warmhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa), with muddled distinction between the seasons and daytime temperatures remaining warm year-round.[12] Highs peak in April and May before the core of the rainy season and reach a minimum in December; however, the warmest and coolest months are June and January, respectively at 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) and 13.7 °C (56.7 °F); the annual mean is 19.3 °C (66.7 °F). June through September accounts for nearly 70% of the annual rainfall of 1,442 mm (56.8 in) and during this time, some rainfall occurs on most days, pushingrelative humidity above 80% and there is a marked reduction in sunshine. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27% in July to 69% in February, the city receives 2,206 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Pu'er (Simao District), elevation 1,302 m (4,272 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.6 (81.7) | 29.8 (85.6) | 32.0 (89.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 35.7 (96.3) | 33.5 (92.3) | 31.8 (89.2) | 32.3 (90.1) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.5 (77.9) | 35.7 (96.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.6 (83.5) | 28.6 (83.5) | 27.9 (82.2) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.8 (80.2) | 25.0 (77.0) | 22.9 (73.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 25.5 (77.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) | 15.4 (59.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.4 (72.3) | 21.7 (71.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 16.8 (62.2) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.3 (66.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) | 9.4 (48.9) | 12.2 (54.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 17.0 (62.6) | 13.1 (55.6) | 9.9 (49.8) | 15.2 (59.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) | 2.4 (36.3) | 0.8 (33.4) | 7.1 (44.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 14.5 (58.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 14.8 (58.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | −0.9 (30.4) | −2.5 (27.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 27.3 (1.07) | 15.3 (0.60) | 27.7 (1.09) | 54.9 (2.16) | 138.7 (5.46) | 200.5 (7.89) | 322.4 (12.69) | 286.1 (11.26) | 175.9 (6.93) | 119.7 (4.71) | 49.5 (1.95) | 24.2 (0.95) | 1,442.2 (56.76) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.0 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 9.0 | 15.7 | 21.5 | 25.3 | 24.2 | 19.3 | 14.1 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 151.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 75 | 66 | 60 | 63 | 71 | 80 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 76 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 228.4 | 224.0 | 235.9 | 239.1 | 210.1 | 148.1 | 111.7 | 128.3 | 146.1 | 152.1 | 187.6 | 194.5 | 2,205.9 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 68 | 69 | 63 | 63 | 51 | 37 | 27 | 32 | 40 | 43 | 57 | 59 | 51 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[13][14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[15] | |||||||||||||
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Simao District | 思茅区 | Sīmáo Qū | 296,500 | 4,093 | 72 |
| Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County | 宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县 | Níng'ěr Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 185,700 | 3,670 | 51 |
| Mojiang Hani Autonomous County | 墨江哈尼族自治县 | Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn | 360,500 | 5,459 | 66 |
| Jingdong Yi Autonomous County | 景东彝族自治县 | Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 359,500 | 4,532 | 79 |
| Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County | 景谷傣族彝族自治县 | Jǐnggǔ Dǎizú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 291,700 | 7,777 | 38 |
| Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County | 镇沅彝族哈尼族拉祜族自治县 | Zhènyuán Yízú Hānízú Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn | 208,600 | 4,223 | 49 |
| Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County | 江城哈尼族彝族自治县 | Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 121,500 | 3,476 | 35 |
| Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County | 孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县 | Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn | 135,500 | 1,957 | 69 |
| Lancang Lahu Autonomous County | 澜沧拉祜族自治县 | Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn | 491,900 | 8,807 | 56 |
| Ximeng Va Autonomous County | 西盟佤族自治县 | Xīméng Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn | 91,300 | 1,391 | 66 |
According to theSeventh National Census in 2020, the city’s Permanent Population (hukou) was 2,404,954.[16] Compared with theSixth National Census, the ten-year decrease was 137,944, a decrease of 5.42%. The average annual decrease of 13,794 people, the average annual growth rate of -0.55%. Among them, there are 1,264,767 males, accounting for 52.59% of the total population; 1,140,187 females, accounting for 47.41% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (female is 100) is 110.93. The population aged 0–14 is 451,650, accounting for 18.78%; the population aged 15–59 is 1,574,042, accounting for 65.45%; the population aged 60 and over is 379,502, accounting for 15.78%. The population living in cities and towns was 974,728, accounting for 40.53% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,430,226, accounting for 59.47% of the total population.
At the end of 2023 and the beginning of 2024, the permanent population will be 2.34 million.[17]
Among the resident population, theHan population is 991,585, accounting for 38.99% of the total population; theethnic minorities population is 1,551,313, accounting for 61.01% of the total population.There are 26 ethnic groups, 14 permanentethnic groups, 5 main ethnic minorities, and 5 "direct ethnic groups".[5]
| National name | Han | Hani | Yi | Lahu | Wa | Dai | Bulang | Hui | Bai | Hmong | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 933369 | 407504 | 402687 | 285329 | 144516 | 146682 | 15668 | 12909 | 14337 | 14845 | 28108 |
| Proportion of total population (%) | 38.81 | 16.95 | 16.74 | 11.87 | 6.01 | 6.10 | 0.65 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 1.11 |
| Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 27.69 | 27.36 | 19.41 | 9.82 | 9.96 | 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.83 |
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