Ptolemaeus (Greek:Πτολεμαῖος; 201 BC – 130 BC) was initially the satrap ofCommagene, later becoming its first king in 163 BC. He belonged to theOrontid dynasty, founded byOrontes I. Ptolemaeus' father was KingOrontes IV of Armenia, son ofArsames I.

Ptolemaeus was the lastsatrap (governor) of the state ofCommagene, a province in theSeleucid Empire. He served under theSyrianGreek kingsAntiochus III the Great,Seleucus IV Philopator,Antiochus IV Epiphanes andAntiochus V Eupator.

Ptolemaeus served as Satrap of Commagene until 163 BC. When theSeleucid Empire began to disintegrate, Ptolemaeus asserted his sovereignty and made Commagene anindependent kingdom in 163 BC.^[1] Ptolemaeus declaredSamosata, the capital of Commagene under the Seleucid rule, as the capital of his new kingdom.^[1]

Ptolemaeus was a relative to KingMithridates I of Parthia. Also, according to fragments of inscribed reliefs found atMount Nemrut, archaeologists have discovered that Ptolemaeus was a descendant of KingDarius I of Persia. Ptolemaeus died in 130 BC and his wife is unknown. His son and successor wasSames II Theosebes Dikaios.

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• Canepa, Matthew (2010)."Achaemenid and Seleukid Royal Funerary Practices and Middle Iranian Kingship". In Börm, Henning; Weisehöfer, Josef (eds.).Commutatio et Contentio: Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East in Memory of Zeev Rubin. Dusseldorf: Wellem. pp. 1–21.
• Kaizer, Ted, ed. (2022).A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East. John Wiley & Sons.
• Erskine, Andrew; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Wallace, Shane (2017).The Hellenistic Court: Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra. The Classical Press of Wales.ISBN 978-1910589625.
• Garsoian, Nina (2005)."Tigran II".Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Marciak, Michał (2017).Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West. BRILL.ISBN 9789004350724.
• Sartre, Maurice (2005).The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press.ISBN 9780674016835.

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