Separation, such as a spore detaching from a sporogenous cell. From Latinabscissio, breaking off.[4]
abstriction
A method of spore formation in fungi characterized by abjunction and then abscission. Spores are produced in a sporogenous filament. In abjunction, they are then separated by transverse walls or septa, with the result spores are grouped in short chains. In abscission, successive portions are cut off and released.[5]
acidophilous
acidophilic
Organisms that can grow in high-acidity environments; in mycology, lichens that can grow inpeaty soil or on acidic tree bark.[6]
acropetal
A chain of conidia where new spores are formed at the apex, with the oldest at the base. Compare withbasipetal.[7]
acropleurogenous
The acropleurogenousTrichothecium roseum, with conidia on sides and at apex
pleuroacrogenous
Formed at the apex and along the sides; e.g. conidia ofTrichothecium.[8]
adiaspore
Conidium ofEmmonsia parva. A large spore that increases notably in size, but does not divide. Upon being inhalted in the lungs of humans and animals, can causeadiaspiromycosis disease. From Gr.a-, without,dia, separating.[9]
adnate
attached, adherent
Adhering; attached to thestipe throughout its width, esp. oflamellae or tubes. Compare withfree.[10]
aero-aquatic fungi
Aquatic fungi that grow in water, but spread their spores via air.[11]
An agaric, with gills on the underside of the pileusA member of the orderAgaricales; amushroom or toadstool. Contains many iconic and highly studied fungi. Agarics have a macroscopic (human-visible)fleshy basidioma with a clearly differentiatedstipe (stalk),pileus (cap), andlamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus.[13]
Fusion between branches of hyphae to make a network.[17]
annellidic
Magnified view ofScopulariopsis brevicaulis, its annellides, and the ring-shaped annellations emanating from themA type ofblastic conidiogenesis. The conidiogenous cell (also called an annellide) produces abasipetal sequence of conidia called annelloconidia or annellospores. The distal end is marked by ring-shaped bands called annellations. Examples include manyaquatic Hyphomycetes,Venturia inaequalis, andMicroascus brevicaulis.[18]
annular
1. Ring-like; an arrangement in the style of a ring.
Having no stem orpedicel, such as apileus lacking astipe and directly attached to thesubstrate. Found in sporangia ofPerichanea for example. From Gr.podos, foot.[25]
apothecium
pl. apothecia, discocarp
A type offruiting body that, at maturity, opens to expose thehymenium ofasci; commonly assumes shape of a cup or saucer. Thestipe is sometimes lichenized. From Gr.apotheke, storehouse.[26]
Fungi that live in water. Sometimes subdivided into freshwater-living fungi andmarine fungi for saltwater-living fungi. Freshwater fungi include: Many zoosporic fungi ofChytridiomycota,Chytridiales, andSaprolegniales; somesaxicolous lichens ofLichinaceae that live on submerged rocks; aquatic hyphomycetes or Ingoldian fungi, a group ofmitosporic fungi that live in freshwater with branched or sigmoidial spores, often growing on dead leaves in streams;smuts of aquatic plants; and certainyeasts.[30]
archicarp
The cell, hypha, or coil of Ascomycetes that later becomes theascoma, or part of it.[31]
ardella
A small spot-likeapothecium, as in the lichenArthonia. From Latinardere, to sprinkle.[32]
A delimited space on a surface, separated from others by fissures or cracks.[33]
arthric
thallic-arthric
A method ofthallic conidiogenesis that converts a hyphal element into aconindium (also called an arthrospore), fragmenting the hypha. Common in manybasidiomycetes. Compare withholothallic. From Gr.arthron, joint.[34]
asc-
asco-, ascidi-
A prefix meaning sac, bladder, or ascus. From Gr.askós, vessel, bag, or wineskin.[35]
A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of anascus, a sac-like structure where ascospores are produced. The largest group of fungi. Includes cup fungi orDiscomycetes; mostdermatophytes; themycobiont part of most lichens;powdery mildews; and fungi that producetruffles.[37]
Spores formed in the developing ascus, generally as a result ofkaryogamy (nuclear fusion) followed bymeiosis. Commonly, fourhaploid daughter nuclei divide to make eight haploid nuclei, around which eight ascospores are created by depositing wall material around them, a process sometimes calledfree cell formation.[38]
The reproductive cell of ascomycetes; where ascospores form and are contained. While sometimes traditionally restricted to only sexual reproduction, purely asexualmitosporic fungi have since been classified as having asci as well (List of mitosporic Ascomycota).[39]
assimilative
vegetative, somatic
Hyphae related to growth, nutrition, and asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual reproduction; thesoma.[40]
A spore close in form to azygospore, but developed asexually (parthogenesis). Found in many species ofMucorales and some species ofEntomophthorales, such asEntomophthora muscae. The structure that contains it is called an azygosporangium.[42]
A chain of conidia in which new spores are formed at the base and the oldest are at the apex. Compare withacropetal.[48]
blastic
One of the two basic forms ofconidiogenesis, withthallic conidiogenesis. Characterized by the enlargement of the conidia initial before it is delimited by a septum. In holoblastic, both inner and outer walls of the blastic conidiogenous cell contribute to the formation of the conidium; in enteroblastic, only the inner walls enlarge and contribute. Monoblastic is from a single conidiogenous locus; polyblastic is when a conindiogenous cell has multiple conidiogenous loci.[49]
An iconic variety of mushroom characterized byfleshy fruit bodies and aporoidhymenophore (marked bypores rather than the gill-marked cap ofagarics). They are often edible. Boletes are members of the orderBoletales.[51]
A type of asexual cellular multiplication. A small outgrowth or bud from a parent cell enlarges and eventually separates from the parent cell. Typical inyeasts and manymolds. Sometimes divided by how many buds are made, with monopolar, bipolar, and multipolar budding for one/two/many respectively.[52]
bulbil
A compact multicellularpropagule, with its thin-walled, undifferentiated cells produced inacropetal succession from the hyphae. Superficially resembles plant tissue at maturity (pseudoparenchymatous) such as raspberries, hence the resemblance tobulbils in botany. Found in certain basidiomycetes; characteristic ofaero-aquatic fungi such asBulbillomyces farinosus, where they grow on leaves or tree branches previously submerged in water.[53]
Combining forms meaning "fruit". From Gr.karpós, fruit.[55]
capsule
Magnification of the yeastCryptococcus neoformans; the capsules are the circular outer borders of the yeast cells.A clear, gelatinous covering or sheath around the cell wall of certain yeasts, e.g.Cryptococcus, and someascospores such as those ofSordaria fimicola.[56]
catenate
Catenulate
Arranged in chains or end-to-end series. Catenulate is the diminutive form for small chains. From Latincatena, a chain.[57]
A 200x magnification ofCandida albicans, including a chlamydosporeAn asexual thick-walled spore developed from hyphae, generally forperennation rather than dissemination. From Gr.chlamys, cloak,-ydos, spore.[61]
A phylum of fungi. Informally known as chytrids. Characterized by chitinous cell walls and reproduction viazoospores, which are usually uniflagellate in the posterior although rarely polyflagellate. Many aresaprobes that live in freshwater (seeaquatic fungi) or the soil.[62]
cirrus
cirrhus; spore horn
A curl-like tuft; usually refers to a tendril-like mass of forced-out spores.[63]
Clamp connection formation between two nuclei (one in green, the other orange)
clamp, fibula
A hyphal outgrowth that makes a connection during cell division between the resulting two cells by fusion. Generally associated with mycelium ofBasidiomycetes.[64]
clavate
Narrowing at the base and then thickening; club-shaped.[65]
An artificial taxon formitosporic fungi with pycnidial and acervular states, i.e. they form their spores in an internal cavity. From Gtk.koilos, hollow.[67]
Hyphae that lacksepta and are multi-nucleate; seen inZygomycota andOomycota. From Gr.kytos, cell. Distinct from asynctium, a multinucleate structure resulting from fusion of protoplasts.[69]
Producingconidia. Generally used as "conidiogenous cell", fertile cells that produce conidia; or "conidiogenous locus", for the particular point on a hypha or a cell where conidia are generated.[74]
conidioma
pl. conidiomata
Any multi-hyphal,conidia-bearing structure. An umbrella term that includes various traditional conidia-bearing structures such as asynnema, a sporodochium, an acervulus, or apycnidium.[75]
A cobweb-like cortina ofCortinarius claricolorOfagarics, the remnants of thepartial veil, frequently web-like, that covers mature gills. Thin and evanescent; eventually breaks up and disappears.[81]
Crust-like or having a hard surface layer, e.g. in a sporocarp; in lichens, a thallus firmly fixed to the substratum by the whole of their lower surface, generally lacking a distinct lower cortex.[84]
cyphella
pl. cyphellae
A break in the lower cortex of a lichen thallus which appears as a cup-like structure or marking. Characteristic ofSticta. From Gr.kyphella, the hollow of an ear.[85]
A parasitic fungus that focuses on tissue with keratin (skin, hair, nails) of humans and animals. Associated with the generaEpidermophyton,Microsporum, andTrichophyton.[90]
The skin condition caused by a dermatophyte infection.[91]
dichotomous
Forking into roughly equal pairs, often repeatedly, e.g. in hyphal branching. Compare withmonopodial.[92]
dictyospore
(1) Anamerospore with no intersecting septa; (2) adidyomospore with a single intersecting septa; (3) two samplephragmospore patterns with multiple septa subdividing the spore; (4) adictyospore with a brick wall-likemuriform pattern of intersecting septa Divided by intersecting septa in more than one plane, both transverse and longitudinal; amuriform spore. Found inAlternaria alternata as an example.[93]
didymospore
A two-celled spore divided by a single septum. Usually applied to mitosporic fungi. Compare withamerospore andphragmospore.[94]
A class of saucer-shaped and cup-shaped Ascomycetes in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity; one in which the fruit body is an apothecium (discocarp). Prominent members includePezizales,Helotiales,Ostropales, andLecanorales.[99]
disjunctor
Anevanescent connective, consisting of either a cell or cell wall material. It develops through the pores of septal lamellae of adjoining conidia in a chain, before later fragmenting and releasing the conidia.[100]
Inhyphae of basidiomycete fungi,parenthesomes (1) "cap" a dolipore septum; (2) the cell wall; (3) swells around the septal pore to form a barrel-shaped ring. Perforations in the parenthesome allowcytoplasm to flow between (4) and (5).Aseptum found in Basidiomycetes that flares out in the middle to form a channel.[101]
Having sharply pointed spines, e.g. of spores. Its diminutive is echinulate, for delicate spines. Sometimes synonymous withspinose. From Gr.echinos, hedgehog.[102]
effete
Past the bearing period; overmature, e.g. a fruiting body that has emptied its spores.[103]
effuse
Expanded; stretched out flat, e.g. a film-like growth. From Latinfundere, to pour.[104]
An organism that lives within a plant; in mycology, specifically fungi that live within plants but do not show external signs or damage to the plants. This is usually endomycorrhizial fungi in root systems and asymptomatic fungi in aerial plant parts[108]
Having a short existence; soon disappearing, e.g. of a veil, an annulus, etc. From Latinevanscere, to disappear.[117]
eucarpic
eucarpous
Thalli where reproductive structures only develop on limited portions during fructication. The rest of the thallus remains in its original assimilative function. Compareholocarpic. If they have onesporangium, they are monocentric; if they have several sporgangia, they are polycentric. The vast majority of fungi are eucarpic.[118]
Afairy ringMushrooms or puffballs forming in a circle, started from a centralmycelium in the soil. Fairy rings expand with time if undisturbed, and are generally associated withbasidiomycetes.[122]
falcate
Falciform
Curved, like a sickle or scythe. From Latinfalx andfalcis, sickle.[123]
A chemical change caused by enzymes of living organisms. In mycology, typically yeasts and molds performing anaerobic breakdowns such as changing carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohol. Part of the creation offermented foods and fermented drinks (most notablyalcoholic beverages).[124]
filament
A fine thread. Commonly used for hyphal threads or other simple thread-like fungal structures. From Latinfilum, thread.[125]
filamentous
filamentose
1. Thread-like, or composed of filaments.
2. In lichens, when the photobiont forms in threads surrounded by hyphae of the mycobiont; the fungi forms the outer structure. (e.g.Coenogonium,Cystocoleous,Racodium)[126]
Fluffy or cottony;byssoid. Common among many colonies of fungi. Its diminutive form is flocculose, for a small and delicate floccose element. From Latinfloccus, a tuft of wool.[131]
2. Of lichens,foliose lichens, characterised by flattened leaf-like thalli.[135]
foot cell
basal cell
1. A hyphal cell that supports a sporogenous cell or thallus, specifically the support of the conidiophore inAspergillus and the macroconidium ofFusarium.
Panelluses stipticus, an example of luminiscient fungi (long exposure photograph)A phosphorescent light emitted by moist, decaying wood; one of the most famous forms of fungalbioluminescence.[137]
A substance able to kill fungi, especially at low concentration. From Latincaedere, to kill. Generally used for chemical substances rather than heat, light, radiation, etc. which are calledsterilization instead.[142]
A kingdom of organisms inEukaryota. Fungi are distinguished based on their morphology, nutritional modes, and ecology. Typical traits are that they lack plastids, areosmotrophic (absorb nutrients from their environment), are neverphagotrophic, lack an ameboid pseudopodal phase, cell walls are composed of achitin-glucan complex, mitochondria have flattenedcristae and perioxomes are nearly always present, and are mostly non-flagellate; flagella when present lackmastigonemes. From Gr.sphongos,σπόγγος, sponge.[147]
1. Another term forchlamydospores, sometimes restricted to specifically spores that broke free from themycelium to be dispersed, often via water. From Latingemma, "jewel"
Germ tubes forming inCandida albicans, at 600x magnificationA short hypha that sprouts from thegerm pore during germination. If conditions are favorable, will form a fullmycelium. In plant pathogenic fungi, forms anappressorium, from which the infective hypha spread and penetrate the tissues of the host.[159]
Downy mildew infiltrating cells of the plantArabidopsis thaliana, at 400x magnification. The stained dark blue spheres are thehaustoria.Ahyphal branch for absorption of food. It penetrates the wall of the living host cell. Found in certain parasitic fungal plant pathogens, such asPhytophthora.[170]
3. A condition where a flagellum possess two rows of tripartite tubular hairs.[172]
heteromerous
In lichens, when the thallus is stratified. The photobiont is distributed in a compact layer, and the hyphal tissue of the fungi are separated into an outer rind and an inner stratum. From Gr.hetero, different, andmeros, part.[173]
A scar after a spore is discharged; was previously the point of attachment of a basidiospore to thesterigma. From Latinhilum, mask.[175]
hoary
Covered thickly with silk-like hairs, especially of apileus orstipe, often grayish or white.[176]
holocarpic
Having all of the thallus converted into the fruiting body at the end of maturation; compareeucarpic. The somatic and reproductive phases do not coexist as a result. Examples includeOlpidiaceae andSynchytriaceae.[177]
Term describing the whole fungus throughout all its morphs (states, phases). Generally includes a singleteleomorph phase and one or moreanamorph phases.[178]
holothallic
A method ofthallic conidiogenous in which a hyphal element is converted as a whole into a single conidium. All the cell wall layers are involved. Compare witharthric. From Gr.holos, whole.[179]
homoiomerous
In lichens, when the photobiont is are distributed uniformly or at random throughout the thallus. From Gr.homoios, similar.[180]
The spore-bearing fruiting surface of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. An aggregation of asci or basidia in a layer (palisade) mixed with other sterile cells.[186]
An artificial class ofmitosporic fungi that reproduces asexually. Traditionally subdivided into Agonomycetales, Hyphomycetales, Stilbellales, and Tuberculariales.[190]
hypnospore
resting spore
A thick-walled resting spore; germinates only after a lapse of weeks or months. From Gr.hypnos, sleep.[191]
hypo-
Prefix meaning "under" or "lower". From Gr.hypo.[192]
1. (Of lichens) The first growth of thehyphae, before differentiation has taken place. Usually of a crustaceous lichen's earliest stage, lacking acortex andphotobiont. Often persists as a colored layer on the bottom of the later stages of maturation.
2. (of slime molds) a thin layer on the surface not used up in sporangial development.[193]
Not operculate; lacking anoperculum. Generally refers toasci orsporangia that discharge spores by an irregular apical opening or pore instead. Found in variousDiscomycetes and most other ascomycetes.[194]
Apropagule forlichen growth; can both increase the surface area of a lichen and become detached from the thallus to disperse the lichen. Isidia are structures larger thansoredia, and contain both themycobiont and thephotobiont. They are usually cylindrical, but can also beverrucose,clavate, and other shapes.[196]
A gill; ahymenium-covered vertical plate, generally of anagaric. Attaches to thestipe in a variety of ways, including:free, unattached;adnate, attached; adnexed, a partial attachment; sinuate, similar to adnate but with an S-shaped curve; decurrent, attached and also running further down the surface of the stipe. From Latinlamina, a thin plate.[203]
Lactarius quietus exuding cream-colored latex from gills upon being cutA milk-like juice that flows from some fungi when cut or damaged, as inLactarius.[207]
Crustose lichens can grow on surfaces hostile to most other lifeforms, such as concrete walls and bare boulders.A dual organism that arises from an association offungi (mycobiont) andalgae orcyanobacteria (photobiont). The two coexist in amutualistic relationship as partners; the resulting lifeform differs markedly from its isolated components.[211]
Rhizocarpon geographicum (map lichen) in SwitzerlandA technique for studying the exposure age of rock surfaces based on the size and diameter oflichen thalli. Used extensively in glaciology. Most frequently usesmap lichen for dating. Lichenometry has been used to date Easter Islandmoai among other elements.[216]
An illustration ofectomycorrhizaA layer ofhyphae covering the roots of ectomycorrhizal plants, generally trees. Connected to aHartig net on the inside, and extramatrical hyphae on the outside.[227]
A series of two successive nuclear divisions that reduces the number of chromosomes by one-half, going from adiploid state to ahaploid one. The last part of thesexual phase in many fungi, followingplasmogamy andkaryogamy. Contrast withmitosis.[231]
merosporangium
pl. merosporangia
Asporangium that is a cylindrical outgrowth from the swollen tip of asporangiophore. A chain-like row of sporangiospores are produced there. Characteristic of Mucorales; also found in some other zygomycetes.[232]
A fungus of very small size, usually with microscopicsporocarps.[241]
monokaryotic
monocaryotic
Cells having a single nucleus each; having genetically identicalhaploid nuclei (monokaryon or haplont). Found, for example, in the mycelium ofAgaricales.[242]
monopodial
A type of branching where there is a persistent main axis from which branches split from, one at a time, often in alternate or spiral series. Often usesacropetal succession. Compare withdichotomous.[243]
A division of fungi broken off fromZygomycota in the 2010s that includes many of themolds, microscopic fungi. IncludesMucorales, the largest and most closely studied order of zygomycetes.[248]
Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), an iconic mushroomLargeagarics, or otherfleshy fungi such asboletes. Commonly divided into mushrooms (human-edible) and toadstools (inedible).[251]
Hemitrichia serpula, commonly called pretzel slime, a true slime mold
Myxomycetes
True slime molds. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature, and still studied in mycology; now considered part ofAmorphea. Since reclassified asMyxogastria. From Gr.myxa, slime.[267]
Riesling grapes afflicted byBotrytis cinerea (gray rot), causing a color changeA condition from the moldBotrytis growing on overripe grapes. Used in the production of certainsweet wines.[269]
Water molds. Traditionally considered fungi, but now classed as closer to algae. Part of theChromista kingdom. Containcellulose in their cell walls rather thanchitin, andcoenocytic hypae rather thanseptate hyphae.[274]
400x magnification showingoospores ofHyaloperonospora parasitica, adowny mildewThe resting spore formed as a result of fertilization of the oosphere. Has a thick, resistant wall. Subdivided into centric, subcentric, subeccentric, and eccentric oospores by its structure.[276]
A small rounded elevation. Generally refers to an elevation on the wall of thesporangium which on breaking serves as the exit point of zoospores and planogametes.[282]
paraphysis
pl. paraphyses
A sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in ahymenium, especially inascomata of ascomycetes where they are generallyfiliform andclavate. The free ends frequently converge toward theostiole and make a structure called an epithecium over theasci. Part of thehamathecium. Has a number of minor variants distinguished by names such as paraphysoid, pseudoparaphysis, pseudophysis, dikaryoparaphysis, and hyphidium.[283]
A sample agaric-typebasidioma in(A) the early development stage, and(B) after the body is fully expanded.(1) is theuniversal veil, the outer layer protecting the developing basidioma;(2) is thepartial veil, which covers the gills;(3) arecap scales, remnants of the universal veil;(4) is thevolva, another remnant of the universal veil, but at the base of the basidioma;(5) is theannulus, a ring-like mark on the stipe that is a remnant of the partial veil, and whose overhanging tissue may become acortina.A layer of tissue that joins the stipe to the edge of the pileus inagarics, covering the gills duringhymenium development. May become anannulus or acortina after development is complete.[284]
pectinate
Resembling the teeth of a comb, e.g. of the margin of apileus.[285]
1. Conidiogenous cell growth where aconidiophore orgerm tube grows through a preexisting pore.
2. Of acolumella, extending throughout the entire length, from the base of the gleba through to the peridium's apex. Found in gastromycetes such asPodaxis. Also called a stipe-columella or dendritic columella.[289]
Feeding by engulfing food; extending a pseudopod or other protoplasmic extension, as seen inprotozoa. Never seen in true fungi (Eumycota), but some Pseudofungi use this in addition to osmocytosis, e.g.Myxomycetes.[292]
A type of conidiogenous cell, bottle-shaped, that producesblastic conidia (phialospores) inbasipetal succession. The philade itself does not increase in length. The most common conidiogenous cell among conidial fungi. From Gr.phiale, jar.[293]
phialospore
An asexual spore formed from the tip of a phialide. Formed byabstriction.[294]
Atropic phenomenon driven by light, where growth curves toward or against light stimuli. For example, sporangiphores ofPilobus andPhycomyces direct themselves toward light.[296]
A group of forms alike in morphology. Often means a group of organisms that are potentially interbreeding. In plant pathology, it means a group with similar preferences in plants targeted; a race may be adapted to target only a singlecultivar of a plant. Tracking the history of an organism isphylogeny. From Old Italianrazza, generation.[298]
The fusion of two cells or plasmodial cytoplasms, resulting in the nuclei juxtaposed and adikaryon formed. In manysexual phases of fungi, the first step which precedeskaryogamy (nuclear fusion) andmeiosis.[303]
plectenchyma
A thick, packed tissue of twistedhyphae formed duringbasidiocarp development as it enlarges and generative hyphae begin to differentiate. From Gr.plektos, to twist, andenchyma, infusion.[304]
Any structure that serves to spread the organism, both via propagation of new organisms as well as vegetatively increasing a single organism's size. In fungi, generallyspores,bulbils, fragments ofmycelium,isidia,soredia, and others.[309]
pseudo-
Prefix meaning "false", from Gr.pseudos.
pseudoidia
Separated hyphal cells capable of germination.[310]
Ageniculate or zig-zag holoblastic extension of a conidiogenous cell fromsympodial conidiogenous cell development. Such cells having a rachis are called rachiform. From Gr.ráchis, axis, spine.[320]
racket cell
A hyphal cell having a swelling at one end, resembling a tennis racket; found indermatophytes.[321]
A slender, tapered structure of anucleatefilaments bearing a superficial resemblance to a plantroot, as it is extended by the thallus ofchytrids as a feeding organ. Generally part of a root system-like aggregation of branched hyphae.[325]
A strand or cord of mycelium, often with a dark-colored rind surrounding a central core of colorless cells, penetrating a soft substratum or between portions of it (e.g. between bark and wood). Unlike a mycelial cord, features distinct tissue, unlike "normal" hyphae. Functions as organ of absorption of nutritive substances. Seen in someAgaricales andGasteromycetes.[326]
A sister group of quasi-fungi that lack chitinous cell walls. Traditionally consideredchytrids, but have since been separated and reclassified in the 2010s.Phagotrophs rather thanosmotrophes.Rozella, a group of obligateendoparasites, is possibly the earliest diverging lineage of fungi.[328]
A hardened, often rounded, mass of hyphae, normally having no spores. May give rise to a fruit body, a stroma (as in ergot),conidiophores, or mycelium. Can be a store of nutrients as part ofperennation; can reinitiate vegetative growth after conditions have improved and a season has passed.[336]
scutate
scutiform
Like a shield or round plate in shape. From Latinscutum, shield.[337]
A fruiting body with the appearance of an unopenedagaric orbolete. The margin of thepileus does not break free of the columella-stipe, generally seen in vertical development (e.g.Podaxis pistillaris).[338]
2. The degeneration over time that makes indefinite propagation of certain fungi cultures impossible, especially in isolation such as a lab environment.[341]
Edged with teeth, like a comb or saw, e.g. of gills; its diminutive form is serrulate.[344]
sexual phase
The phase of the fungal life cycle when sexually reproductive cells and organs are formed. This term is preferred oversex in animals, as the fungal process is not equivalent.[345]
Acrasis rosea, a cellular slime moldA eukaryotic lifeform that spreads via spores. Has both ameba (cellular slime molds) and plasmoidial (multi-nucleate) varieties. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature. Cellular slime molds are part ofAcrasiomycota orDictyosteliomycota; plasmodial slime molds were traditionally part of the classMyxomycota, since renamedMyxogastria. From Gr.myxa, slime.[346]
1. Loose smut of barley, caused byUstilago nudaA class of destructive plant diseases, generally of cereal grasses, caused by parasitic fungi ofUstilaginomycetes. Distinguished by transformation of plant organs permeated by hyphae into a dark mass of spores.
2. Smut-causing fungi themselves inUstilaginomycetes. Characterized by being host-specific endophytes. Its spores are calledustilospores.
Apropagule for vegetative lichen growth; a combination ofphycobiont algae wrapped bymycobiont hyphae, and produced on a lichen thallus. Has the appearance of a powdery granule. From Latinsoredium, a small heap.[350]
A heap of spores. Fruiting structure in certain fungi, including the spore mass of rusts, but alsoAcrasidae andSynchytriaceae. From Gr.soros, heap.[351]
spawn
Mycelium used for starting fungal cultures, especially mushrooms; e.g. bricks of manure interlaced with mycelia.[352]
A reproductive structure in fungi. Can result from both sexual and asexual processes.[360]
spore wall
The layered wall defining a spore. Considered to have five layers. From within to outwards: the thin interior endosporium, the thick episporium, the exosporium (or tunic), the perisporium, and ectosporium, although the outermost two layers are fleeting and can be absorbed back into the perisporium and exosporium.[361]
A mass ofvegetative hyphae where fertile hyphae, fruiting bodies, and spores are produced. Common amongascomycetes and anamorphic fungi; a fewPucciniales have them as well.[370]
The sexual state (or perfect state) of a fungus whose spores are produced bymeiosis, i.e. characterized byascomata orbasidiomata.[378]
thallic
One of the two basic forms ofconidiogenesis, withblastic conidiogenesis. Characterized by the conidia initial being delimited by one or moresepta before it begins enlargement. The result is that the conidium is differentiated from the whole cell. By comparison, in blastic conidiogenesis, enlargement occurs within the cell before being delimited later.[379]
1. A layer of hyphae in the central part of anagaric running from the underside of thecap to thelamella, often supporting thehymenium. Sometimes called a hymenophoral trama to distinguish it from the second definition.
2. In old literature, anyfleshy part of thepileus, although this use has since been discouraged.[382]
Arranged in a single row or series. Generally used to differentiate howphialides are arranged in species ofAspergillus; in uniseriate, they are directly on the conidial head, contrasted with biseriate where phialides rest on intermediate outgrowths of sterile cells called metulae.[394]
The white patches on the caps of theseAmanita muscaria mushrooms are cap scales, remnants of the universal veil.A layer of tissue covering thebasidioma during its early development, inagarics andGasteromycetes. As thepileus grows, the veil is broken, with its upper remnants becoming cap scales, and the lower section becoming thevolva.[395]
Warty; having rounded bumps. Verruculose is the diminutive version for delicate or small warts.
verticillate
Having parts in rings (verticils); whorled. Develops due to branching in which branches or pedicels are borne at the same level on thehypha, and grow obliquely upward with respect to the central axis. Named after the conidiophores ofVerticillium, but appears in other fungi such as thesporangiophore ofActinomucor. From New Latinverticillatus, arranged in a verticil.[397]
vesicle
1. A bladder-like sac, especially ofPythiales wherezoospores mature.
Fungi that digest wood. Mostly basidiomycetes, although a few ascomycetes also possess this ability. Generally categorized into brown rot, which digests a tree'scellulose andhemicellulose but not its lignin; white rot, which can also digestlignin; and soft rots, which are similar to brown rots in attacking cellulose and hemicellulose, but require moist wood and available nitrogen, e.g. from nearby soil. Two other notable types are dry rot (a slight misnomer, as some dampness is still required), a brown rot caused bySerpula lacrimans; and wet rot, several other species includingcellar fungus.[404]
Preferring a dry habitat, or at least capable of subsisting in one. Rare among fungal species, but fungi with this capability can be exceptionally common, such asAspergillus andPenicillium whose spores can be found in nearly any soil sample.[405]
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